ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Successful Removal of a Rivet from the Heart of a Boy with Penetrating Cardiac Injury: A case Report and Literature Review
Introduction: Penetrating cardiac injuries generally occur secondary to gunshot or stab wounds and have a high mortality rate. They are rare and often fatal in children. When a foreign object penetrates the myocardium, it is dangerous to remove it, suddenly, and should be removed gradually to prevent excessive bleeding. Case report: We report a case of an unusual penetrating cardiac injury in a 12-year-old boy with a rivet pushed into his sternum and penetrating the right ventricle. After the patient underwent sternotomy and pericardiotomy, the site of the rivet was exposed. A purse was then sutured around the rivet and tightened while pulling it out. The patient was discharged five days post-op, with normal echocardiography after 12 months. A review of the English-written literature revealed that this is the first case of heart trauma with rivet.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3437_423e37c85e015c4713ea2f49a827fe1e.pdf
2014-11-01
1
4
10.22038/ijp.2014.3437
Heart injury
penetrating thoracic injury
cardiac injury
Children
Rahim
Mahmudlou
mahmodlou@yahoo.com
1
Department of Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Khosroshahi
a.gamei@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pediatrics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Shahsanam
Gheibi
drgheibi@yahoo.com
3
Maternal and Childhood Obesity research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. De Raet J, Mees U, Vandekerkhof J, Hendrikx M. Penetrating pediatric cardiac trauma caused by fall on a pencil with normal echocardiography. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. 2004;3(4):634-6.
1
2. Goz M, Cakir O, Eren MN. Penetrating cardiac trauma in children. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2010;16(3):220-4.
2
3. Dereli Y, Ozdemir R, Agris M, Oncel M, Hosgor K, Ozdis AS. [Penetrating cardiac injuries: assessment of 21 patients]. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2012;18(5):441-5.
3
4. Clarke DL, Quazi MA, Reddy K, Thomson SR. Emergency operation for penetrating thoracic trauma in a metropolitan surgical service in South Africa. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2011;142(3):563-8.
4
5. Sobnach S, Castillo F, Blanco Vinent R, Kahn D, Bhyat A. Penetrating cardiac injury following sewing needle ingestion. Heart, lung & circulation. 2011;20(7):479-81.
5
6. Pometlova J, Pleva L, Sir M, Gloger J, Chmelova J. [Right ventricular perforation by a rib fragment following blunt thoracic trauma]. Rozhl Chir. 2011;90(11):656-60.
6
7. Plurad DS, Bricker S, Van Natta TL, Neville A, Kim D, Bongard F, et al. Penetrating cardiac injury and the significance of chest computed tomography findings. Emergency radiology. 2013;20(4):279-84.
7
8. Onan B, Demirhan R, Oz K, Onan IS. Cardiac and great vessel injuries after chest trauma: our 10-year experience. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2011;17(5):423-9.
8
9. Smith. G.A, Feltes. T.F. Cardiac Truma. In: Allen. H.D, Driscoll. D.J, Shaddy. R.E, Feltes. T.F, editors. Moss and Adams Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescent. 8th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 2013. p. 552.
9
10. Karigyo CJ, Fan OG, Rodrigues RJ, Tarasiewich MJ. Transfixing gunshot wound to the heart: case report. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(2):298-300.
10
11. Janati M, Bolandparvaz S, Salaminia S, Johari HG, Sabet B, Kojuri J. Outcome of penetrating cardiac injuries in southern Iran, Shiraz. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi / Chinese Medical Association. 2013;16(2):89-93.
11
12. Sarma A, Heilbrun ME, Conner KE, Stevens SM, Woller SC, Elliott CG. Radiation and chest CT scan examinations: what do we know? Chest. 2012;142(3):750-60.
12
13. Traub M, Stevenson M, McEvoy S, Briggs G, Lo SK, Leibman S, et al. The use of chest computed tomography versus chest X-ray in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury. 2007;38(1):43-7.
13
14. Kim YM, Yoo BW, Choi JY, Sul JH, Park YH. Traumatic ventricular septal defect in a 4-year-old boy after blunt chest injury. Korean journal of pediatrics. 2011;54(2):86-9.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Ratio of Second to Fourth Digit Length (2D:4D) in Children with Autistic Disorder
Introduction Emerging hypotheses suggest a causal role for prenatal androgen exposure in some cases of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The ratios of the lengths of the bones of the 2nd to the 4th digits (2D:4D) are purported to be markers for prenatal androgen exposure and to be established early in gestation. Ratio of second and fourth digits (2D:4D) is usually used as a proxy for prenatal testosterone. Methods and Materials In this study, 2D:4D in 48 children with ASD and in 41 control child was measured. Two groups were matched with the gender and age. Both groups were selected by convenience sampling method. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 software, considering as significant less than .05 (p < .05). Results: Results showed that the average ratio of 2D:4D in ASD children were lower than the ratio in control children (P<0.05(. 2D to 4D finger-length ratio of the right of children with autism was lower than the normal children (P<0.05(; while this difference was not significant between the two groups in the left hand (P>0.05(. Conclusion: The results indicate that the 2D:4D ratio could be used together with other parameters as an indicator of the likelihood of developing autistic traits in offspring. Results achieved in this research can be valuable in further biological and psychological approaches in neurocognitive research and diagnostics of children from ASD.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3420_dd940f85f5cc9fc7d73ec966d69a1adf.pdf
2014-11-01
5
11
10.22038/ijp.2014.3420
Autism spectrum disorders
Digit ratio
2D:4D ratio
Testosterone
Javad
Baharara
1
Department of Developmental Biology, Animal Developmental of Applied Biology Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Maryam
Hojjati
hojjati_37@yahoo.com
2
Head of Noor Hedayat, Center of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hashem
Rasti
3
PhD Student of Developmental Biology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Malihe
Sarabi jamab
4
Noor Hedayat, Center of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H. Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(6):518–23.
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15. Stephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., et al.. Changes in Prevalence of Parent-reported Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-aged U.S. Children: 2007 to 2011–2012. National Health Statistics Reports. March 2013;(65).
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16. Myers SM, Johnson CP, Council on Children with Disabilities. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):1162–82.
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17. Stefanatos GA. Regression in autistic spectrum disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2008;18(4):305–19.
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21. M. Yeargin-Allsopp, C. Rice, T. Karapurkar, N. Doernberg, C. Boyle, C. Murphy. Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. JAMA, 289 (2003), pp. 49–55
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22. J.L. Stone, B. Merriman, R.M. Cantor, A.L. Yonan, T.C. Gilliam, D.H. Geschwind, et al.Evidence for sex-specific risk alleles in autism spectrum disorder.Am J Hum Genet, 75 (2004), pp. 1117–1123.
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23. J. T. Manning,* L. P. Kilduff† and R. Trivers. Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Andrology, 2013, 1, 94–99.
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24. J. T. Manning, P. E. Bundred. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A new predictor of disease predisposition? Medical Hypotheses (2000) 54(5), 855–857.
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25. S. Baron-Cohen, R.C. Knickmeyer, M.K. Belmonte. Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science, 310 (2005), pp. 819–823
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26. J.T. Manning, A. Stewart, P.E. Bundred, R.L. Trivers. Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children. Early Hum Dev, 80 (2004), pp. 161–168
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29. J.T. Manning, D. Scutt, J. Wilson, D.I. Lewis-Jones. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Hum Reprod, 13 (1998), pp. 3000–3004
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30. J.T. Manning, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, G. Sanders. The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism. Dev Med Child Neurol, 43 (2001), pp. 160–164
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31. E.I. De Bruin, F. Verheij, T. Wiegman, R.F. Ferdinand. Differences in finger length ratio between males with autism, pervasive developmental disorder — not otherwise specified, ADHD, and anxiety disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol, 48 (2006), pp. 962–965
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32. M. Voracek. Digit ratio (2D:4D) as a marker for mental disorders: low (masculinized) 2D:4D in autism-spectrum disorders, high (feminized) 2D:4D in schizophrenic-spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Sci, 31 (2008), pp. 283–284
31
33. Ozgen H, Hellemann GS, de Jonge MV, Beemer FA, van Engeland H. Predictive Value of Morphological Features in Patients with Autism versus Normal Controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2013;43(1):147-155 .
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35. Surén P, Stoltenberg C, Bresnahan M, Hirtz D and et al. Early Growth Patterns in Children with Autism. Epidemiology. 2013;24(5):660-670
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36. Aksu F, Baykara B, Ergin C, Arman C. Phenotypic Features in Autistic Individuals: The Finger Length Ratio (2D:4D), Hair Whorl, and Hand Dominance. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;24(2):94-100.
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38. Manning JT, Baron-Cohen S, Sanders G. The 2nd to 4th Digit Ratio and Autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001; 43: 160-164.
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39. Manning JT, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Fink B. Is digit ratio (2D:4D) related to systemizing and empathizing? Evidence from direct finger measurements reported in the BBC internet survey. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010;48: 767–771.
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40. Hönekopp J. Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review. Autism Research. 2012; 5: 221–230,
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41. Milne E, White S, Campbell R, Swettenham J, Hansen P, Ramus F. Motion and Form Coherence Detection in Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Relationship to Motor Control and 2:4 Digit Ratio. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2006;36(3):225-237
40
42. Cstho A, Osvath A, Biscak E, Karadi K, Manning J, Kallai J. sex role identity to ratio of second to forth digit length in women. Biology Psychiatry. 2002;62: 147-156.
41
43. Hönekopp J, Watson S. Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. American Journal of Human Biology. 2010; 22: 619–630.
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Maternal Education, Reported Morbidity and Number of Siblings are Associated with Malnutrition among Lodha Preschool Children of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Background: Malnutrition among tribal preschool children is highly prevalent in almost all states of India and is the predisposing factor for morbidity as well as mortality. Objectives: Aim of the study was to detect prevalence of malnutrition and their associated factors. Study design: A cross sectional study. Study subjects: Lodha tribal children aged 1-5 years. Sample size: A total of 141 children were included in the present study. Data collection: Data was collected in pre-structured questionnaire, which included household socio-demographic data, morbidity status of child and anthropometric measurements like height, weight. Results: The overall prevalence of malnutrition in the form of underweight, stunting, wasting and overweight was 40.4%, 29.8%, 34.0%, 5.0%, respectively. According to the WHO classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of underweight and wasting was very high, indicating a critical situation. The reported morbidity was 20.6% and majority of children suffered from diarrhoea (7.8%). The results revealed that morbidity status, number of sibling, mother literacy status had significant association on underweight More importantly; rate of underweight was significantly higher among children who had reported morbidity, no of sibs 3 and above and or illiterate mothers. They had 3.7, 2.15 and 2.81 times greater risk of being underweight. Similarly, children having morbidity had more than 3 times greater chance of developing wasting. Conclusion: The Lodha pre-school children were suffering from nutritional stress which was associated with reported morbidity, mother’s lack of education and high number of siblings.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3363_8ddd5ccef67fb44691c3017ed2a0ea7e.pdf
2014-11-01
13
21
10.22038/ijp.2014.3363
Malnutrition
Morbidity
sibling
preschool children
Tribe
Lodha
Samiran
Bisai
sbisai@hotmail.com
1
Society for Applied Studies, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dilip
Mahalanabis
2
Society for Applied Studies, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
AUTHOR
Amitava
Sen
3
Society for Applied Studies, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
AUTHOR
Kaushik
Bose
4
Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
AUTHOR
References:
1
1. UNICEF. A report card on nutrition. Number 4. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New York, 2006.
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2. Bisai S, Bose K and Ghosh A. Nutritional status of Lodha children in a village of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Indian J Public Health 2008; 52 (4): 203-206.
3
3. Bisai S, Bose K. Undernutrition in the Kora Mudi tribal population, West Bengal, India: A comparison of body mass index and mid-upper-arm circumference. Food Nutr Bull 2009; 30: 63-67.
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4. Bisai S, Mallick C. Prevalence of undernutrition among Kora-Mudi children aged 2-13 years in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. World J Pediatr 2011; 7(1): 31-36.
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5. Bisai S, Bose K, Ghosh T, De GK, Khongsdier R, Koziel S, et al. Nutritional status based on anthropometry of tribal preschool children in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Int J Innovative Res Dev 2012;1:61-79.
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6. Bisai S. Nutritional status of Santal pre-school children of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. National seminar on food fortification in community health: Rural perspective of India. Department of Nutrition, Mahishadal Girl’s College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. 21-22 January 2014, pp: 18-19.
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7. Biswas S and Bose K. Effect of number of rooms and sibs on nutritional status among rural bengalee preschool children from eastern India. Coll Antropol 2011; 35 (4): 1017–1022.
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8. Bisai S, Saha KB, Sharma RK, Muniyandi M, Singh N. An overview of tribal population in India. Tribal Health Bull 2014; 20 (Special issue): 1-126.
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9. Mandal H, Mukherjee S, Datta A. India—an illustrated atlas of tribal world. Kolkata: ASI, 2002.
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12. hattopadhyay A and Sarkar P. Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies among a Lodha community of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Indian J Med Res 2008; 127 (6): 641.
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13. Dhargupta A, Goswami A, Sen M and Mazumder D. Study on the effect of socio-economic parameters on health status of the Toto, Santal, Sabar and Lodha tribes of West Bengal, India. Stud Tribes Tribals 2009; 7(1): 31-38.
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14. Tiwari DK, Sharma KKN, Dubey VS. Health profile among Lodha and Munda tribal children of Midnapur District, West Bengal. Anthropologist 2001; 3(3):189-90.
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16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006
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17. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India. Mumbai: IIPS, 2007.
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18. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: West Bengal. Mumbai: IIPS, 2008.
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19. Sharma B, Mitra M, Chakrabarty S, Bharati P. Nutritional status of preschool children of Raj Gond-a tribal population in Madhya Pradesh, India. Malays J Nutr 2006;12:147-155.
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20. Prasot RM, Verma SK, Kashyap S, Kanaujiya MK. An epidemiological study of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) among 1-6 years children in rural Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. IOSR J Dental Med Sci 2014; 13 (3): 10-14.
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21. Joshi HS, Gupta R, Joshi MC, Mahajan V. Determinants of nutritional status of school children - A cross sectional study in the western region of Nepal. National J Integrated Res Med 2011; 2(1): 10-15.
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24. Heer D. Effects of sibling number on child outcomes. Ann Rev Sociology 1985; 11(85): 27-67.
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25. Sereebutra P, Solomon N, Aliya MH, Jolly PE. Socio- economic and environmental predictors of childhood stunting in rural Guatemala. Nutr Res 2006; 26 (2): 65-70.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Medication Prescribing Pattern at a Pediatric Ward of an Ethiopian Hospital
Introduction: drug use in pediatric patients is a unique dilemma in the management and monitoring of disease. This study aimed at assessing medication prescribing in a pediatric ward of an Ethiopian hospital. Materials and Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study was done by reviewing the medical records of 249 patients among those admitted in the period between 11th of September 2007 and 10th of September 2008 to the pediatric ward of Gondar University Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Data on characteristics like age, sex and weight; the diagnoses for which patients were admitted and medications prescribed to them during their stay in the ward was collected from the medical records of the patients. Results: an average of 3 diagnoses per patient with the most frequently diagnosed being malnutrition (29.23%), severe community acquired pneumonia (12.96%) and underweight (8.86%) were reported. A mean of 4.5 medications per patient with the most commonly prescribed being antibacterials namely penicillins which constituted 25.42%, other antibacterials making up 19.61% and medications used for correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances accounting for 17.19% of the total number of medications prescribed in the ward. The most common individual medications prescribed to the patients included crystalline penicillin, gentamicin and maintenance fluid constituting 9.22, 7.52 and 6.45 percentages respectively most of them in solution forms which were administered dominantly intravenously. Conclusion In this study the common prescription of antibacterials and those used for correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances was observed which went with the common diagnoses of malnutrition and pneumonia.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3342_b96769acdf11337a1ee04910cb280abc.pdf
2014-11-01
23
30
10.22038/ijp.2014.3342
Ethiopia
Gondar
Medication
Pediatric
Prescribing
Fitsum
Sebsibe Teni
fitse4@gmail.com
1
Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdrrahman
Shemsu Surur
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
AUTHOR
Addisu
Getie
3
Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
AUTHOR
Abel
Alemseged
4
Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
AUTHOR
Mulugeta
Meselu
5
Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
AUTHOR
1. WHO. Medicines: rational use of medicines Fact sheet N°338. 2010. [Cited 2014 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/Medicines
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2. Kearns GL, Reed MD. “Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children: a reappraisal,” Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1989; 17(1): 29–67.
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3. Nahata MC, Taketomo C. Pediatrics. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey, LM,(eds) Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. USA the Mc Graw Hill Companies Inc. 2002; 5th edn p: 69-77.
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4. European Medicines Agency. Note for Guidance on Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population. Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population. (2001) p 3. [Cited 2014 Feb 25]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500002926.pdf
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5. WHO. Problems with medicine treatment in children and adolescents around the world. Promoting Safety of Medicines for Children. World Health Organization 2007. [Cited 2014 Feb 25]. Available from:
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6. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. 2012. [cited 2014 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/ET_2011_EDHS.pdf
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7. Abula T, Desta Z. Prescribing patterns of drug in pediatric ward of three Ethiopian Hospitals. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 1999; 13(2): 135–40.
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8. Agalu A, Mekonnen H. Drug prescribing practice in a pediatrics ward in Ethiopian Int. Res. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2012 Jun; 2(6): 132-8.
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9. Bergicho M, Mohammed MA, Wabe NT. Assessment of the pattern of drug prescribing in pediatrics ward in tertiary setting hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Gaziantep Med J 2012; 18(2): 61-5.
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10. Feleke M, Yenet W, Lenjisa JL. Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in pediatric wards of Bishoftu Hospital, East Ethiopia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Dec; 2(6):718-22.
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11. Microsoft. Microsoft Excel. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft, 2003. Computer Software.
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12. Mengistu A. Patterns of drug prescription in inpatient departments, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, South west Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 2005; 15(2): 139–45.
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13. Sawalha A, Al-Bishtawi G, Al-Khayyat L, Sweileh W, Al-Ramahi R, Jaradat N. Pattern of Parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hospital in Palestine. An - Najah Univ. J. Res. (N. Sc.) 2006: 20 (1): 191-206.
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14. Matthew B. Weiner, Ginette A, Pepper, Gail kuhn-weissman, Joseph A, Romano. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in nursing .1st edition. United States of America. 1979; 859-75.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Percentile of Serum Lipid Profile in Children and Adolescents of Birjand, Eastern Iran.
Abstract:Introduction: Racial and environmental differences in communities leading cause of differences in serum lipids. It can be said this study aimed in assessing percentile curves of serum lipid profile about 6-18 years old students of Birjand.Method: The present cross-sectional study was done on 4168 students of Birjand aged 6-18 years. They were classified into three age groups 6-10 and 15-18 and 11-14 years. The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of lipids (cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides) were determined by sex for different age groups.Result: The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles for cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG were 114,123, 138, 157, 176, 197, 210; 54, 59, 71, 86, 102, 119, 131; 33, 36, 41, 48, 56, 64, 68 and 43, 49, 61, 78, 103, 138, 164, respectively. Conclusion: Percentiles of lipid in kids of Birjand are different in comparison with reference percentiles of the U.S and also Tehran. Triglycerides and HDL in children and adolescents of Birjand were higher and lower, respectively than the Americans. This could be due to racial differences and environmental factors such as nutrition and sedentary life style. This should be considered in interpretation of normal and abnormal values and determination of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. Take the regional percentiles of serum lipids for Iranian children and adolescents recommended by examining a sufficient number of samples.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3439_d7374edfad566f059d97c640a182ee21.pdf
2014-11-01
31
38
10.22038/ijp.2014.3439
lipid profile
Percentile
Children
Adolescents
Birjand
Iran
Fatemeh
Taheri
ftaheri64@yahoo.com
1
Birjand atherosclerosis and coronary artery research center, Associate professor of pediatric, Birjand University of Medical Sciences(BUMS),
AUTHOR
Tayebeh
Chahkandi
na_chahkandi@yahoo.com
2
Birjand atherosclerosis and coronary artery research center, Assistante professor of pediatric
LEAD_AUTHOR
Toba
Kazemi
drtooba.kazemi@gmail.com
3
Professor of Cardiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences(BUMS
AUTHOR
Bita
Bijari
bita.bijari@yahoo.com
4
Assistante professor of Social Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences(BUMS
AUTHOR
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18. Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 2007; 29:62–76.
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19. Azizi F, Rahmani M, Madjid M, Allahverdian S,Ghanbili J, Ghanbarian A,et al. Serum lipid levels in an Iranian population of children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17: 281 –288.
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21. Klishadi R, Pour MH, Zadegan NS, Kahbazi M, Sadry G, Amani A, et al. Dietary fat intake and lipid profiles of Iranian adolescents: Isfahan healthy heart program-heart health promotion from childhood. Prev Med 2004; 39:760 –766.
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22. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Ramazani A. Family History of Premature Cardiovascular Disease Appropriate for Detection of Dyslipidemic children in Population –Based Preventive Medicine Program.CASPIAN Study. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27:729-736.
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23.Yang S, Hwang JS, Park HK, Lee HS, Kim HS, Kim EY, et al. Serum Lipid Concentrations ,Prevalence of Dyslipidemia, and Percentage Eligible for pharmacological Treatment of Korean Children and Adolescents ;Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007-2009). PLOS ONE 2012; 7(12) e 49253.
23
24. Lim JS. The current state of dyslipidemia in Korean children and adolescents and its management in clinical practice. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 18(1):1-8.
24
Table 1. TC percentiles and their mean values for different age groups/sexes.
25
percentile
26
Age number
27
Table 2. LDL percentiles and their mean values for different age groups/sexes.
28
percentile
29
Age number
30
Table 3. HDL percentiles and their mean values for different age groups/sexes.
31
percentile
32
Age number
33
Table 4. TG percentiles and their mean values for different age groups/sexes.
34
percentile
35
Age number
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Weaning from ventilator and effect of Blender-Humidifier on outcome of it
Background and objectives: the weaning procedure of mechanical ventilation in many patients is a difficult and long process and increases the time of mechanical ventilation. There are numerous ways to achieve this goal. One common way is using CPAP-ventilator. Considering the lower price of Blender-Humidifier compared to CPAPof ventilator and the limited number of studies in this field, this study was aimed to compare these two procedures.Methods: 102 patients in pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) were allocated randomly in one group: CPAP-ventilator and Blender-Humidifier. Duration of hospital and PICU stay, the number of days of mechanichal ventilation, the frequency of re-intubation, and the mortality of the patients were recorded. Results: the study was conducted on 66 male and 36 female patients (64.7% and 35.3% respectively). The average age was 22.5 ± 4.5 months. The most frequent complaint of the patients at the time of visit was coughing (35%), hyperventilation and respiratory distress (21.6%). Hospital stay was 23±14 and 20±12days in humidifier and cpap groups respectively (p=0/52).PICU stay was 15± 11and 20±11 days in humidifier and cpap groups respectively (p=0/18).Re- intubation rate was 16/2% and 33/5% in humidifier and cpap groups respectively (p=0/15).Mortality rate 8/4% and 21.5% in humidifier and cpap groups respectively (p=0/06). Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant difference between two groups, considering the differences in mortality rate, the need for re-intubation, rate of hospital and PICU stay, and at the same time, with easy availability and low prices, using Blender- Humidifier is recommended.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3395_64e49f6ea4f9ea876aeb9b2dc0e23b79.pdf
2014-11-01
39
45
10.22038/ijp.2014.3395
CPAP ventilator
Blender- Humidifier
PICU
Nemat
Bilan
bilannemat@yahoo.co.uk
1
Pediatric Health Research Center,
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Shalaleh
Ganji
ganji575@gmail.com
2
Pediatrician, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
1-Esteban A, Alia I, Ibanez J, Benito S, Tobin MJ. Models of mechanical ventilation and weaning. A national survey of Spanish hospitals. The Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Chest, 1994; 106(4):1188-93.
1
2-Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA, 2002; 287(3):345-55.
2
3-Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alı´a I, et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the Intensive Care Unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 2000; 161: 1450–8.
3
4-Newton NI. (1991) Supplementary oxygen – potential for disaster. Anaesthesia; 46: 905–6.
4
5-Cook DJ, Dejonghe B, Brochard L, et al. Influence of airway management on ventilator- associated pneumonia. JAMA; 1998; 279: 781–787
5
6-Kollef MH, Shapiro SD, Silver P, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 1997; 25:567-74.
6
7-Marelich GP, Murin S, Battistella F, et al. Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses. Effect on weaning time and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia. Chest, 2000; 118:459-67.
7
8-Esteban A, Alia I, Gordo F, et al. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with t-tube or pressure support ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1997; 156:459-65.
8
9-Esteban A, Alia I, Tobin MJ. Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999; 159:512-8.
9
10-Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1999; 1849–1861.
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11-Pingleton S. Complications of acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1988; 137, 1463–1493.
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12-Forbes AR. Temperature, humidity and mucus flow in the intubated trachea. Br J Anaesth, 1974; 46, 29–34.
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13-Chalon J, Patel C, Ali M, et al. Humidity and the anaesthetized patient. Anesthesiol, 1979; 50, 195–198.
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14-Noguchi H, Takumi Y, Rochi O. A study of the humidification in tracheostomized dogs. Br J Anaesth, 1973; 45, 844–847.
14
15-Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alı´a I, et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the Intensive Care Unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000; 161, 1450–8.
15
16-Jones DP, Byrne P, Morgan C, et al. Positive End-Expiratory Pressure vs. T-Piece. Chest, 100(6), 1991; 1655-59.
16
17-Molina-Saldarriaga FJ, Fonseca-Ruiz NJ, Cuesta-Castro DP, Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F. Spontaneous breathing trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus T-piece. Med Intensiva, 2010; 34(7), 453-8.
17
18-Vats N, Singh J, Kalra S. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-tube or pressure support ventilation. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, 2012; 6(2), 86-89.
18
19-Lellouche F, Maggiore SM, Deye N, et al. Effect of the humidification device on the work of breathing during noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med, 2002; 28, 1582–1589.
19
20-Jaber S, Chanques G, Matecki S, et al. Comparison of the effects of heat and moisture exchangers and heated humidifiers on ventilation and gas exchange during non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med, 2002; 28, 1590–1594.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between Eating Disorder Symptoms and Social Anxiety Disorder in Students in Isfahan
Introduction: Eating Disorder Symptoms and social anxiety can be occurring in the same time. Also social anxiety is one of the important factors predicting Eating Disorder symptoms which vary among different cultures and countries. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Eating Disorder symptoms and social anxiety in school boys. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 361 high school boys in isfahan who were selected through two-step random sampling. The students completed a questionnaire concerning demographic characteristics, Eating Disorder Questionnaire and social anxiety. Data were analyzed by the statistical tests of Pearson correlation coefficient, Student’s t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression through SPSS version 14. Results: Based on the findings, the mean (SD) value for age was 14.14 (1.2) years and for BMI was 23.25 (0.3).35.2% had eating disorder and 17.5% bulimia and30% had anorexia nervosa Symptoms. Also there was a positive correlation between the rate of Eating Disorder Symptoms, bulimia and anorexia nervosa and social anxiety. (P=0.004, r= 0.287, P=0.001, r= 0.257, P=0.020, r= 0.242). Conclusions: There was correlation between the Eating Disorder Symptoms and social anxiety in school boys.So educating people like caregivers by community health midwives regarding nutritional problems in during adolescence can be effective in early diagnosing and identifying such disorders.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3481_bd7bdefe403db6528bf9f022efe7bea5.pdf
2014-11-01
47
53
10.22038/ijp.2014.3481
Eating Disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Students
Iran
Shahla
Mohamadirizi
1
Msc, Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Yousefi
2
Graduate, MSc in Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University Of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Zahra
Boroumandfar
boroumandfar@nm.mui.ac.ir
3
Research PhD student . Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Golden NH. Eating disorders in adolescence and their sequelae. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003;17(1):57-73.
1
2- Fang A, Hofmann SG. Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical psychology review. 2010;30(8):1040-8.
2
3- Bilali A, Galanis P, Velonakis E, Katostaras T. Factors Associated with Abnormal Eating Attitudes among Greek Adolescents. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2010;42(5):292-8.
3
4- Grave RD. Eating disorders: Progress and challenges. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2011;22(2):153-60.
4
5- Bas M, Kiziltan G. Relations among weight control behaviors and eating attitudes, social physique anxiety, and fruit and vegetable consumption in Turkish adolescents. ADOLESCENCE-SAN DIEGO-. 2007;42(165):167.
5
6- Levinson CA, Rodebaugh TL. Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating behaviors. 2011.
6
7- POURGHASSEM GB, HAMED BEHZAD MAHDIYEH SSN, KOOSHAVAR D. RELATION OF BODY MASS INDEX TO EATING ATTITUDE IN TABRIZIAN HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. 2010.
7
8- Kelly MM, Walters C, Phillips KA. Social anxiety and its relationship to functional impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Behavior Therapy. 2010;41(2):143-53.
8
9- Ong SH, Wickramaratne P, Tang M, Weissman MM. Early childhood sleep and eating problems as predictors of adolescent and adult mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of affective disorders. 2006;96(1-2):1-8.
9
10- Peñas-Lledó E, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Penelo E, Agüera Z, Alvarez-Moya E, et al. Specific eating disorder clusters based on social anxiety and novelty seeking. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2010.
10
11- Soh NL, Touyz SW, Surgenor LJ. Eating and body image disturbances across cultures: A review. European Eating Disorders Review. 2006;14(1):54-65.
11
12- Väänänen JM, Fröjd S, Ranta K, Marttunen M, Helminen M, Kaltiala-Heino R. Relationship between social phobia and depression differs between boys and girls in mid-adolescence. Journal of affective disorders. 2011;133(1):97-104.
12
13- Fitzsimmons EE, Bardone-Cone AM. Coping and social support as potential moderators of the relation between anxiety and eating disorder symptomatology. Eating behaviors. 2011;12(1):21-8.
13
14- Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Barbarich N, Masters K. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(12):2215-21.
14
15- Hinrichsen H, Wright F, Waller G, Meyer C. Social anxiety and coping strategies in the eating disorders. Eating behaviors. 2003;4(2):117-26.
15
16- Wonderlich-Tierney AL, Vander Wal JS. The effects of social support and coping on the relationship between social anxiety and eating disorders. Eating behaviors. 2010;11(2):85-91.
16
17- Thompson AM, Chad KE. The relationship of social physique anxiety to risk for developing an eating disorder in young females. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2002;31(2):183-9.
17
18- Khorvash F, Mansorian M, Boroumandfar Z, Mohamadirizi S. An investigation on the association between students’ knowledge and their tendency to take care of HIV patients among the students in nursing and midwifery school. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2014;19:404-8.
18
19- Mohamadirizi S, Kordi M. Association between menstruation signs and anxiety, depression, and stress in school girls in Mashhad in 2011-2012. Iranian J Nursing Midwifery Res 2013;18:402-7.
19
20- Valizade A, Ariapooran S. Prevalence of eating disorders and their role in psychological signs among women with sport activities. Journal of guilan university of medical sciences. 2011;79:15-23 [ in persian].
20
21- kordi m, mohamadirizi s. Relationship between social anxiety symptoms and eating disorder symptoms in referred nulliparous women. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2014;17(109):9-15.
21
22- Razaii F. Synopsis of psychiatry(behavioural science/clinical psychiatry). Tehran; arjmand. 2010.
22
23- Celikel FC, Cumurcu BE, Koc M, Etikan I, Yucel B. Psychologic correlates of eating attitudes in Turkish female college students. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2008;49(2):188-94.
23
Rompella N. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Ultimate Teen Guide: Scarecrow Pr; 2009.
24
24- Melyani M, Shairi MR, Ghaedi G, Bakhtirari M, Tavali A. The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Based on Heimbergs Model on the Decrease of Social Anxiety Symptoms. Iranian journal of psychaitry and clinical psychology 2009;15(1):42-9. [ In Persian].
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Asymptomatic Children in Birjand, Eastern Iran
Background: Helicobacter pylori is the cause of serious diseases including gastric cancer and gastric mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.50% of world population is infected by this microorganism and it -based on epidemiologic studies - is mainly acquired during childhood . there is not enough evidence about prevalence of this infection in children and its risk factors so encourage us to study on it.Method : we tested 282 apparently healthy 9-12 year old students in a population based cross sectional study for Helicobacter pylori colonization using H pylori Antigen EIA Test Kit (ACON company).a short socio demographic questionnaire was used to assess risk factors.Findings: the overall prevalence of H pylori colonization in 282 students is 13.1%. we found statistically significant relationship between H pylori colonization and sex, duration of breast feeding, and family crowding but there is not significant relationship with age , family history of dyspepsia , number of days in week consuming yogurt and economically stratified living region in present study.Conclusion: Helicobacter Pylori is a big concern even in young asymptomatic children and it needs to be further studied about its potential risk factors and how to manage them for the goal of prevention.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3438_6d78d0ca0fd7a2541c86ce48039c144e.pdf
2014-11-01
55
63
10.22038/ijp.2014.3438
Helicobacter pylori
H pylori Stool Antigen
Prevalence
Asymptomatic
Kokab
Namakin
d_namakin@yahoo.com
1
Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Basiri nejad
fatemehbasirinejad@gmail.com
2
Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sethi MonicaA, Chaudhuri C, Len Kelly C, Hopman W. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in a First Nations population in northwestern Ontario. Can Fam Physician 2013;59:e182-7.
1
Hunt RH, Chair, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F. Helicobacter pylori in Developing Countries. J Clin Gastroenterol;2011:45(5):383-388.
2
Duque X, Vilchis J, Mera R, Trejo-Valdivia B, Goodman KJ, Mendoza ME, Navarro F, Roque V, Moran S, Torres J, Correa P. Natural History of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mexican School children: Incidence and Spontaneous Clearance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 ; 55(2): 209–216.
3
Queiroz DMM, Saito M, Rocha GA, Rocha AMC, Melo FF, Checkley W, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Infants and Toddlers in South America: Concordance between [13C]Urea Breath Test and Monoclonal H. pylori Stool Antigen Test. J Clin Microbiol;2013:51(11):3735-3740.
4
Doorn OJ, Bosman DK, Hoff BW, Taminiau JA, Kate FJ, Ende A. Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen test: a reliable non invasive test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.Eur J Gastroentrol Hepatol. 2001, 13:1061-1065
5
Svarval AV, Ferman RS, Zhebrun AB. Analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection prevalence in children in the contemporary period. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2012;(1):83-88.
6
Li YH, Guo H, Zhang PB, Zhao XY, Da SP. Clinical value of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test, ImmunoCard STAT HpSA, for detecting H pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10(6):913-914.
7
Falsafi T, Valizadeh N, Sepehr S, Najafi M. Application of a Stool Antigen Test To Evaluate the Incidence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents from Tehran, Iran. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12(9):1094-1097.
8
Soltani J, Amirzadeh J, Nahedi, S, Shahsavari S. Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children, a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in West Iran. Iran J Pediatr:2013; 23 ( 1): 13-18.
9
Miranda ACP, Machado RS, da Silva EMK, Kawakami E. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children of low socioeconomic level in São Paulo. Sao Paulo Med J. 2010; 128(4):187-91.
10
Kato S, Nakayama K, Minoura T, Konno M, Tajiri H, Matsuhisa T,et al. Comparison between the 13C-urea breath test and stool antigen test for the diagnosis of childhood Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:1045–1050
11
Kato S, Ozawa K, Okuda M, Fujisawa T, Kagimoto S, Konno M, et al. Accuracy of the stool antigen test for the diagnosis of childhood Helicobacter pylori infection: a multicenter Japanese study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(2):296-300.
12
Braden B, Posselt HG, Ahrens P, Kitz R, Dietrich CF, Caspary WF. New immunoassay in stool provides an accurate noninvasive diagnostic method for Helicobacter pylori screening in children. Pediatrics. 2000;106(1):115-117.
13
Gulcan EM, Varol A, Kutlu T, Cullu F, Erkan T, Adal E, Ulucakli O, Erdamar S. Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test.Indian J Pediatr.2005:72(8)675-678.
14
Elitsur Y, Lawrence Z, Hill I. Stool Antigen Test for Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children With Symptomatic Disease: A Prospective Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;2004:39(1):64-67.
15
Sharbatdaran M, Kashifard M, Shefaee Sh, Siadati S, Jahed B, Asgari S. Comparison of stool antigen test with gastric biopsy for the detection of Helicobacter Pylori infection.Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(1):68-71.
16
Konstantopoulos N, Rüssmann H, Tasch C, Sauerwald T, Demmelmair H, Autenrieth I, Koletzko S. Evaluation of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test (HpSA) for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Am J Gastroenterol.2001:96(3)677-683.
17
El-Nasr MS, Elibiary SA, Bastawi MB, Hassan A, Shahin Y, Hassan L, Hamza MM, Mahfuz M. Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool specimens.J Egypt Soc Parasitol.2003:33(3):905-915.
18
Yang HR, Seo JK. Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen (HpSA) Tests in Children Before and After Eradication Therapy: Comparison of Rapid Immunochromatographic Assay and HpSA ELISA. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):2053-2058.
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Malaty HM. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol;2007: 21(2): 205-214.
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Escobar-Pardo ML, Ortiz de Godoy AP, Machado RS, Rodrigues D, Neto UF, Kawakami E. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal parasitosis in children of the Xingu Indian Reservation. J Pediatr . 2011;87(5):393-8.
21
Gulcan EM, Varol A, Kutlu T, Cullu F, Erkan T, Adal E, Ulucakli O, Erdamar S. Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test.Indian J Pediatr.2005:72(8)675-678.
22
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27
Leal YL, Cedillo-Rivera R, Simon, Vela´zquez JR,Flores LL, Torres J. Utility of Stool Sample–based Tests for the Diagnosisof Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;2011;52: 718–728
28
Nguyen TVH, Bengtsson C, Nguyen GK,Granström M. Evaluation of a Novel Monoclonal-Based Antigen-in-Stool Enzyme Immunoassay (Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS) for Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Vietnamese Children. Helicobacter;2008;13: 269–273.
29
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30
Carter F, Seaton T, Yuan Y, Armstrong D.Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children in the Bahamas.West indian Med J.2012:61(7):698-702.
31
Queiroz DM, Carneiro JC, Braga-Neto MB, Fialho ABC, Fialho AM, Goncalves MHB, Rocha GA, Rocha AMC, Braga LLB. Natural History of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Childhood: Eight-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study in an Urban Community in Northeast of Brazil. Helicobacter.2011: 17: 23–29.
32
Zhang LH, Zhou YN, Zhang ZY, Zhang FH, Li GZ, Li Q,et al. Epidemiological study on status of Helicobacter pylori in children and teenagers in Wuwei city, Gansu province. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009;89(38):2682-2685.
33
Altindis M, Dilek ON, Demir S, Akbulut G. Usefulness of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test for detection Helicobacter pylori infection. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2002;65(2):74-76.
34
Sýkora J, Valecková K, Hejda V, Varvarovská J, Stozický F. Accurate noninvasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection using antigen determination in the feces in the pediatric population.Cas Lek Cesk.2002:141(13):425-427.
35
Khodadad A, Farahmand F, Najafi M, Shoaran M. Probiotics for the Treatment of Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection:A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial. Iran J Pediatr:2013; 23 ( 1),: 79-84.
36
Sachdeva A, Nagpal J. Effect of fermented milk-based probiotic preparations on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2009; 21:45–53.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Diagnostic Utility of Chest X-rays in Neonatal Respiratory Distress: Determining the Sensitivity and Specificity
Background: Chest radiography is one of the most usual diagnostic tools for respiratory distress. Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the specificity, sensitivity and clinical value of chest radiography of neonates with respiratory distress.Patients and Methods: A descriptive- analytical study was conducted on 102 neonates that were in neonatal intensive care unit of Imam Reza and 22 Bahman Hospitals because of respiratory distress. After confirming the neonate's respiratory distress and taking chest radiography, the radiography was described by a radiologist and final diagnosis was confirmed. Results: Most of the neonates (64.7%) were born with caesarian section and were premature (78.4%). Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the most common reason for respiratory distress (38.2%). Chest radiography had the most sensitivity and specificity in pneumothorax and hernia (100%). For pneumosepsis, radiography had 73% sensitivity and 87% specificity, for RDS the sensitivity and specificity were 35% and 82% respectively, for congenital heart disease sensitivity of zero and specificity of 98% and for Transient tachypnea of neonates (TTN) sensitivity of zero and specificity of 100%. The conformity of clinical and radiography was also calculated as 79.4% in respiratory distress Discussion and Conclusion: Although chest radiography is used as one of the most usual and accessible diagnostic tools in respiratory distress syndrome, but inaccurate specificity and sensitivity in some disease must be considered, especially in neonates.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3472_cecb89ad14331d9d7950dd244de72271.pdf
2014-11-01
65
72
10.22038/ijp.2014.3472
Chest X-ray
respiratory distress
neonate
Hassan
Mottaghi Moghadam shahri
khademig@mums.ac.ir
1
Associated Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Saied
Naghibi
naghibi@mums.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Elham
Mahdavi
mahdavi@mums.ac.ir
3
General Practitioner, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Khademi
khademigh@mums.ac.ir
4
Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Lavoie PM, Pham C, Jang KL. Heritability of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, defined according to the consensus statement of the National Institutes of Health. Pediatrics. 2008;122:479–85.
1
2. Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, et al. Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1353–60.
2
3. Sánchez Luna M, Moreno Hernando J, Botet Mussons F, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: definitions and classifications. An Pediatr (Barc). 2013 Apr 9. doi:pii: S1695-4033(13)00075-1.
3
4. Bhandari A, McGrath-Morrow S. Long-term pulmonary outcomes of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol. 2013 Apr;37(2):132-7.
4
5. Ghanta S, Tropea Leeman K, Christou H. An update on pharmacologic approaches to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol. 2013 Apr;37(2):115-23.
5
6. Kliegman R, Jenson H, Marcdante K, et al. Nelson Essentials of pediatrics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2006; Pp:271-337.
6
7. Armstrang P, Wastie M, Rockall A. Diagnosting imaging. 4th ed. UnitedState of America: Black well. 2004; Pp:17-99.
7
8. Martin J, Fanaroff A, Michele C. Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier mosby. 2006; Pp:1069-1146.
8
9. Fisch D, Uhi M, Langer M. Conventional thorax diagnostics in neonates and children. Radiologe 2005; 45(2): 197-209; quiz 210.
9
10. Sutton D. Textbooks of radiology and imaging. 17th ed. Iandan: Churchill living stone. 2003; Pp:256-257.
10
11. Kurl S, Heinonen KM, Kiekara O. The First chest Radiography in neonates exhibiting respiratory distress at birth. Clin pediatr (phila) 1997; 36(5): 285-90.
11
12. Mathur NB, Gary K, Kumar S. Respiratory distress in neonates with special refrence to Pneumonia. Indian pediatr 2002; 39(6): 529-37.
12
13. Marini C, Bulleri A, Cambi L, et al. The Neonatal Respiratory insufficiency syndrome: The Role of the chest Radiogram. Radiol Med 1997; 94(5): 463-7.
13
14. Hashemzadeh A. Evaluation of respiratory distress in 6 months-5 years old children. J Med Univer Ardabil 2005;5(2):175-179.(Persian)
14
15. Berg A, Elburg RM, Geijin HP, et al. Neonatal respiratory morbidity following elective cuesarean section in term infants. A 5 year retrospective study and a review of the literature. Eur J obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98(1): 9-13
15
16. Fonseca B, Senac M, Knight G. Chest radiography and evaluation of the Neonate for congenital heart disease. pediatr cardiol 2005;26(4) :367-8
16
17. Oeppen RS, Fair hurst jj, Argent JD. Diagnostic value of the chest radiograph in asymptomatic neonate with a cardiac murmur. Clin Radial 2002; 57(8): 736-40.
17
18. Ponhold W. Most frequent causes, complications and differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress in chest X-Ray. Padiatr padol 1982; 17(4): 715-40.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Incidence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) and Small- for- Gestational Age (SGA) and its Related Factors in Neonates, Sabzevar, Iran
Introduction Low birth weight (LBW) is a high risk for children's health and a problem of public health in under developing countries. SGA increases neonatal and infant death, and neonatal and adult morbidity. So the present study aimed to assess the incidence of LBW, SGA and their related factors in Sabzevar in 2011 to 2012. Materials and Methods This prospective descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 481 low birth weight neonates born in Mobini academic hospital of Sabzevar in 2011. Neonates who their BW was Results 480 (6.33%) of participating newborns were LBW (out of 7599). Mean weight of LBW neonates was 2039.1±9.6 g. Among LBW neonates, 62 (12.7%) and 24 (5%) of neonates were VLBW and ELBW, respectively. 162 (34.1%) of neonates were SGA (out of LBW neonates). SGA rate was 2.2% (out of total newborns). Family income (p-value=0.026) and mother's education (p-value=0.004) were significantly lower in SGA neonates rather than LBW neonates. The incidence of mothers' urinary infection in VLBW neonates was significantly higher than non-VLBW neonates (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Findings showed that LBW and SGA incidence were similar to these statistics in developed countries and also other cities of Iran. But most types of growth retardation were asymmetric, in reverse to the reference books.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3502_a6aa9b923ced381fbe3b98c968d6dd7e.pdf
2014-11-01
73
78
10.22038/ijp.2014.3502
low birth weight (LBW)
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Related Factors
Nasrin
Hashemian Nejad
1
Neonatalogist, Assisstant professor, Medicine Faculty, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Akbar
Pejhan
2
Associate professor, Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Rakhshani
3
Assisstant Professor, Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Bibi Leila
Hoseini
4
Midwifery MSc, Insructor, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Cunningham, F. Gary; Whitridge, John. Williams obstetrics. 22nd ed., 2010.
1
Michael G Ross; Roy Zion Mansano. Fetal Growth Restriction. Available at : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261226-overview .
2
UNICEF, ChildInfo- Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women, “Under-five Mortality (U5MR)”, URL: http://www.childinfo.org/mortality_underfive.php
3
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics: 16th Edition. Richard E. Behrman MD, Robert M. Kliegman MD, Hal B. Jenson MD .2000p.451_2 p479_85
4
Valero De Bernabe J, Soriano T, Albalodigo R,etal.risk factor for low birth weight ;a review.eur.j obstet coynecal reprod boil.2004,116(1):3-15.
5
Moser K, Power C. Social inequalities in low birth weight in England and wales:treads and implications for future population health.j epidemiol community health.2003,57(9):687-91.
6
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). URL: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/. (Accessed: 7 July 2013).
7
Mosayebi Z, Fakhraei SH, Movahedian AH. [Prevalence and risk factors of low birth weight infants in Mahdieh Hospital in, Tehran]. FEYZ J. 2004; 30(8):58-67. Persian
8
Mandy GT. Small for gestational age infant. Available from: URL: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/small-for-gestational-age-infant. (Accessed: 21 May 2013).
9
Takimoto H, Yokoyama T, Yoshiike N, et al. Increase in LBW infants in Japoan and associated risk factors. J Obstet Gynecol Res. 2005; 31(4):314-22.
10
Tough SE, Svenson LW, Jonston DW, et al. Characteristics of preterm delivery and LBW among infants in Alberta. Can J Public Health. 2001; 92(4):276-80.
11
Zahed Pasha Y, Esmaeili MR, Haji Ahmadi M, Asgardoon Gh, Ghadimi R, Baleghi M and etal. [Effect of risk factors on low birth weight neonates]. J Baboln University Med Sci. 2004; 22(6):18-24. Persian.1.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Daily Rhythms on Sports Functions and Physiological Variables of Immune Elite Swimmers
Introduction Daily rhythm as one of the biological rhythms with a period of about 24 hours on various body systems and physiological responses affect on them. Body temperature is a fundamental variable as one of the specifications used daily rhythms The main purpose of this study was evaluating the effect of circadian rhythms on exercise performing and physiological variants of security system in swimmers. Materials and Methods In one study, before and after the 12 men swimmers in the league, of Fars Province with an average age of 19.80+1.87 years, had been invited, and after explaining the situation and also completed a written consent form purposefully participated in the study. To measure the length of 400m and 50 meters breast stroke timer QQ model CR2032 (China) was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to this study. Result Results showed body temperature significantly increased from 6:00 to 18:00. Circadian rhythms significantly showed increase from 6 to 18 (P<0.05); circadian rhythms significantly showed effect on performing record in 400m and 50m chest crawl swimming with decrease of influence in 18:00 rather than 6:00; also circadian rhythms significantly showed influence on Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in resting after 400m and after 50m swimming with increasing from morning to evening (P<0.05(. But in Immunoglobulin G (IgG) not significant increase in 6:00 until 18:00 in three conditions. The effects of activities in IgA in 6:00 showed decrease after 400m swimming and increasing after 50m, and in 18:00 increasing after 400m and 50m, but not significant activity in 6:00 showed significantly increase effects in IgG after 400m and 50m swimming and not significant decrease in 18:00 the received (P>0.05(. Conclusion In this study, the body temperature exercise performance and IgA variant of security system, were influenced by circadian rhythms and kinds of practicing programs in 18:00 change IgG. So in the time of measuring body temperature exercise performance and variants of salivary of security system must be pied attention to influence of cicardian rhythms.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3530_ccab1006c8f8bc813ec985bb5cbe6c87.pdf
2014-11-01
79
85
10.22038/ijp.2014.3530
Cicardian rhythms
Elite swimmers
Exercise
IgA
IgG
Gholamreza
Sharifi
gre_sharifi@yahoo.com
1
Assistant Professor of Sports Science, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Alireza
Babai Mazreno
alireza.babai.m@gmail.com
2
Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marjan
Mirjalili
3
Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Ehrampoush
4
Professor, Department of Enviromental, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
AUTHOR
Riley T. Atkinson G. Edwards B, Water hose J. Chronobiology and physical performance .In: Exercise and sport science (Eds. W. E Garrett, D. T. Kirkendall). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. 2011; 24:351-372.
1
Riley T, Atkinson G. Budget R. Effects of tmazepam on physiological and performance variable following a westerly flight across five time zones. Journal of sports science 2010; 15:62.
2
Riley T, Bambaeichi E. Methodological issues in studies of rhythms in human performance. Biological Rhythm Research 2009; 34:321-36.
3
Atkinson G, Todd C, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Diurnal variation in athletic performance: influence of warm-up. J Sports Sci. 2005; 23(3):321-9.
4
Bushman B. Menstrual status and performance. American journal of sports Medicine 2008; 11:97-101.
5
Riley T, Robinson G, Minors T. Some circulatory responses to exercise at different times of day. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2010; 16:477-82.
6
Baxter C, Reilly T. Influence of time of day on all- out swimming British journal of sports Medicine 2007; 17:122-27.
7
Burgoon PW, Holland G J, Loy SF . A comparison of morning and evening “types” during maximal exercise. Journal Application of sports science research 2010; 6:115-19.
8
Laing SG, Gwynne D, Blackwell J, Williams M, Walters R, Walsh NP. Salivary 1g A response to pronged exercise in ahotenvironment in trained cyclists. Eur j Appl physiol 2005; 93:665-71.
9
Dimitriu L, Sharp NC, Dohetry M. Circadian effects on the acute responses of salivary cortisol and IgA in well trained swimmers. Br J Sports MED 2009; 37 (2): 187.
10
Li TL, Gleeson M. The effect of single and repeated bouts of prolonged cycling and circadian writing on saliva flow rate immunoglobulin A and alpha-amylaseresponses. J sports Sci 2008; 22(11-12): 1015-24.
11
Riley T, Atkinson G, Edwards B. Waterhouse J, Fearfully K, Fairhurst E. Diurnal variation in temperature , mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). Chronobiol int 2007; 24 (3): 507-19.
12
Kline CE, Durstine JL, Davis JM, Moore TA, Devlin TM, Zielinski MRet al. Circadian variation in swim performance. Grapple Physiol 2011;102 (2): 641-9.
13
Arnett MG. Effects of prolonged and reduced warm-ups on diurnal variation in sports performance .J strength can Resmay 2010; 16 (2): 256-61.
14
Samuels G. Sleep Recovery and Performance: the New fonteir In High Performance Athletics. Neurolclin 26 (1): 169-80.
15
Edwards B, Water house J, Reilly T. Circadian rhythms and their association with body temperature and time awake when performing a simple task with the dominate and- dominate hand. Chronobiol int. 2008; 25 (1): 115-32.
16
Wingest CMDe, Roshia CW, Holley DC. Circadian rhythms and athletic performance .Medicine science and sports exercise 2007; 17:498-516.
17
Reilly T, Marshall S. Circadian rhythms in power output on a swim bench. Journal of swim research 1991; 7:11-13.
18
Rantonen PJ, Meurman JH. Correlations between total protein, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, amylase, and albumin in stimulating wholesalivaduring daytime. Actaodontolscand 2011; 58 (4): 160-5.
19
20.OtsukiT, Sakagaguchi H, Hutayama T,Takata A, HyodohF,Tsujita S, et al. Secretory Ig A in saliva and academic stress. Ints immunopathol pharmacol 2008; 17(2suppl):45-80..
20
21. KoracabeyK, Saygin O, Ozmerdivenli R, Zorba E, Godekmerdan A, Bulut V. Neuroendocrinology letters 2005; 26: 361-6.
21
22. Klentrou P, Cieslak T, Macneil M, Unitinner A, Plyley M. Effects of moderate exercise on salivary immunoglobulin A and infection risk in humans. Eur j Appl physiol 2010; 87:153-8.
22
23. Malaguarnera L, Cristaldi E, Uinci M, Malagurnerd M. The role of exercise on the innate immunity of the elderly. EUR Ravaging Phys Act 2009; 5:44-9.
23
24. Gleeson M. Immunes system adoyotation in elite athletes cur Opin Clin Nutr Metab care 2006; 9(6): 659-65.
24
25. Filaire E, Lac G, Pequignot JM. Biology, hormonal, and psychological parameters in professional soccer player throughout a competitive season. Precept motskills 2010;97 (3pt2): 1061-72.
25
26. Kumae T. Yamasaki K, Ishizaki K, I too T. Effects of summer compendarence training on non-specific immunity in long-distance runners, int J sports MED 2011;20 (6)350-90.
26
27. Nieman Dec. Special feature for the Olympics. Effects of exercise on the immune system : exercise effects on system in immunity. Immunol cell boil 2007; 78(5):496-501.
27
28. Muller O, Uliger B, Simon Hu. Immunological effects of competitive versus recreational sports in cross-country skiing. Int j sports media 2009; 22 (1): 52-9.
28
29. Gleeson M. The scientific basis of practice to maintain immune competence in elite athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev 2007;6:75-101.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Family in Abnormality and Crime of Children with a Case Study
Family is one of the most important grounds of crime and crime victimization development. The experts, welfare workers, lawyers and sociologists argue that the factor or factors should be identified that provide the kind of conditions under which the individuals abuse, tolerate or accept the crime in order to secure the society, reduce the social harms and finally propose the procedures to reform it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the crime victimization of children in the city of Qom. So, a questionnaire was distributed and completed through the interviews with the parents live in this city and who have a child or children. The questionnaires were analyzed by the SPSS software. The sample size was 266 individuals. The findings of research show that there is a meaningful inverse relationship among the children' control by their families, the rate of children belonging to their families, family cohesion and tendency towards criminal behavior. In other words, as the above mentioned variables increase, the children' tendency towards criminal behaviors decrease and vice versa. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the family structure with the children' tendency towards criminal behaviors. The result of this test shows a significant difference. In other words, the comparison of means suggests that the children with separated parents are more inclined to criminal behaviors.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3152_e3dc5c06aab31f46b5b2547a5115cbd9.pdf
2014-11-01
86
94
10.22038/ijp.2014.3152
Crime
Deviance
Social Control
Family Cohesion
Sense of Belonging
Mohammad Rasool
Ahangaran
ahangaran@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, University of Tehran - Campus Farabi, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Meisam
Dehpahlavan
2
Department of law - Islamic Azad university - Naragh branch - naragh- Iran .
AUTHOR
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- Esfandiari, Esmaiel, "Poverty and Deviances", women's book, 15 spring, 2002, p: 65
4
- Ezazy, Shahla, "Sociology of the Family", first edition, Roshangaran and Women's Studies Publications, 1997.
5
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34
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38
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between Eating Disorders and ICAM-1, E-selection and Ghrelin Resting Level in Overweight People
Introduction There is an agreement that eating disorder is related to psychological characteristics and on the other hand, level of ghrelin hormone, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selection also change during eating disorders. We aimed to study the relationship between eating disorders and rest levels, ICAM-1, E-selection, and ghrelin hormone in obese people. Materials and Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 120 obese men (25-30 years old) were purposefully selected. Then the data about their eating disorders gathered with eating attitudes test (EAT-26) questionnaire. In the next phase in the rest condition and after overnight fasting, blood samples are collected for measurement of rest levels, ICAM-1, E-selection, and ghrelin hormone. Finally the data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests in SPSS version 18. Results Mean and deviation of rest levels, ICAM-1, E-selection, and ghrelin hormone were respectively 3064.19, 61.5±19.7, and 2.5±1.5 and there was not any statistical significance relationship between eating disorders ICAM-1, E-selection, and ghrelin hormone in obese men (P<0.05(. Conclusion According to our results, the prevalence of eating disorders can be a reason other than rest Levels, ICAM-1, E-selection, and ghrelin hormone.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3531_867a7bf3bc1cb893772f08aad68f7055.pdf
2014-11-01
95
100
10.22038/ijp.2014.3531
Eating disorders
E-selection
ghrelin
ICAM-1
Gholamreza
Sharifi
gre_sharifi@yahoo.com
1
Assistant Professor of Sports Science, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Youth Suicide in the World and Views of Holy Quran about Suicide
Over 800,000 people die due to suicide every year and there are many more who attempt suicide. Hence, many millions of people are affected or experience suicide bereavement every year. Suicide occurs throughout the lifespan and was the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds globally in 2012. It is a global phenomenon in all regions of the world; Suicide accounted for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide, making it the 15th leading cause of death in 2012. The Quran makes it clear that human life is sacred. Life cannot be taken without justification and the right to life is inherent in the tenants of Islam. Life itself is a gift from the Creator that we are obliged to care for. Suicide out of despair of God’s mercy or worldly problems is strictly forbidden.
https://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_3536_401c5d6db9b07513c16a10cb5973ae95.pdf
2014-11-01
101
108
10.22038/ijp.2014.3536
Holy quran
Suicide
youth
World
Amir Hosein
Ghazizadeh Hashemi
1
Assistant Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Maryam
Ajilian Abbasi
2
Ibn-e- Sina Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Bibi Leila
Hoseini
3
Midwifery MSc; instructor, Midwifery department, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
AUTHOR
Gholam Hasan
Khodaei
4
Advisor to the President of the University, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masumeh
Saeidi
5
Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR