Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Evaluation of the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and Radiation Dose to the Radiosensitive Organs in Pediatric Pelvic Radiography50135022838210.22038/ijp.2017.22364.1873ENVahid KaramiDepartment of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0003-1360-2054Mansoursour ZabihzadehDepartment of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.Mohammad KeshtkarDepartment of Medical Physics and Radiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.Journal Article20170304<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Patients' dosimetry is crucial in order to enhance radiation protection optimization and to deliver low radiation dose to the patients in a radiological procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the entrance surface dose (ESD) and radiation dose to the radiosensitive organs in pediatric pelvic radiography.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The studied population included 98 pediatric patients of both genders referred to anteroposterior (AP) projection of pelvic radiography. The radiation dose was directly measured using high radiosensitive cylindrical lithium fluoride thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD-GR200). Two TLDs were placed at the center point of the radiation field to measure the ESD of pelvis. Moreover for each patient, 2 TLDs were placed upon each eyelid, 2 TLDs upon each breast, 2 TLDs upon the surface anatomical position of the thyroid gland and finally 2 TLDs at the surface anatomical position of the gonads to measure the received dos<span>e</span></span><span>.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The ESD ± standard deviation for AP pelvic radiography was obtained 591.7±76 µGy. Statistically significant difference was obtained between organs located outside and inside of the radiation field with respect to dose received (P<0.001), as well as between the average dose received by the breast and lens of the eyes (P<0.05). <span>There was no difference between boys and girls with respect to average </span>ESD, while the testes dose was statistically non-significantly lower than ovaries dose.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The ESD received by patients are relatively accordance to the international recommendations. However further reduction in patients' dose in achievable by adherence to the radiation protection optimization guidelines. The data presented in our study will serve as a baseline needed for deriving local reference doses for pediatric pelvic radiography in our hospital. The study is expected to increase the awareness of medical professionals about the radiation doses in pediatric pelvic radiography.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Clinical Pharmacology of Ciprofloxacin in Neonates: Effects and Pharmacokinetics50235041865610.22038/ijp.2017.23193.1952ENGian Maria Pacificivia San Andrea 32, 56127 Pisa, Italy.Giovanna Marchinivia San Andrea 32, 56127 Pisa, Italy.Journal Article20170428Ciprofloxacin is the most commonly used fluoroquinolone. Ciprofloxacin is prescribed for 1 in 44 Americans. Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic, effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, being especially active against the Enterobacteriacae, including many microorganisms resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides, and also is effective against Haemophilus influenzae, penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhea, Campylobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Streptococci and pneumococci are weakly inhibited and there is a high incidence of staphylococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin. In neonates, the dose of ciprofloxacin is 10 mg/kg intravenously over 30-60 min infusion, and 20 mg/kg is used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Ciprofloxacin treatment is effective in life-threatening multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin may be administered by mouth and has a bioavailability of 70% and is mainly recovered unchanged in the urine. Ciprofloxacin is safe and well tolerated in infants. In neonates, the half-life of ciprofloxacin is 3-4 hours. For meningococcal prophylaxis, give a single dose of 30 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 125 mg) orally. Ciprofloxacin is active against Citrobacter kosery that produces brain abscesses. The mortality rate for meningitis due to Citrobacter kosery is approximately 30%. Third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides failed to prevent the high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by Citrobacter infections. Ciprofloxacin is the antibiotic treatment option for systemic infection or meningitis caused by Citrobacter kosery. Ciprofloxacin has been used to treat neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia and was effective in all cases. The aim of this study is to review the clinical pharmacology of ciprofloxacin in neonates.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Effect of Education Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on Anemia Preventive Behaviors among Iranian Girl Students50435052832310.22038/ijp.2017.22051.1844ENNaseh GhaderiMSc in Health Education, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Mohammad AhmadpourPh.D Student, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Nadia SanieeMSc in Medical Library and Information Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Fattaneh KarimiMSc in Midwifery, Maragheh Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.Chiman GhaderiMSc in Critical Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.Hamed MirzaeiPhD Student of Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Education a Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Journal Article20170215<strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional problem and one of the main reasons of anemia especially in girls. This study was designed to determine the effect of combined educational inference based on HBM model about preventing iron deficiency anemia on the enhancement of knowledge, attitude and behavior of high school girls in the Faridan city of Isfahan province.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This quasi experiential study was conducted on 128 high school girls (divided into 64 cases and 64 controls) that was selected by the cluster random sampling method in 2015. The instrument of data collecting was a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic, knowledge, attitude, and behavior questions based on HBM model. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version16.0 software. </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean age of intervention and control groups were 16.3<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">± </span>0.81 and 16.3<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">± </span>0.66, respectively. The knowledge, attitude and behavior of control and intervention groups had no significant difference before the education (P>0<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span>001). But three months after the education, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, cues to action and performance had significant difference (P<0.001).</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results of this research indicated that the education based on HBM model is effective on the enhancement of knowledge, attitude and behavior of students in the field of preventing iron deficiency anemia. So this pattern can be used as a framework for designing and performing education interventions to prevent iron deficiency anemia among high school girls. </span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601The Effect of Oral Zinc Sulfate on Serum Bilirubine Level in Term Neonates with Jaundice50535060863510.22038/ijp.2017.23103.1937ENMousa Ahmadpour-kachoProfessor of Pediatrics And Neonatology, Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.0000-0001-8572-2026Yadollah Zahed PashaProfessor of Pediatrics And Neonatology, Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.Bahram RanjbarFellow of Neonatology, Amirkola Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.Mehdi PouramirProfessor, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ganj Afrooze Avenue, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.Karimollah HajianDept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.Mohammad PounasrollahNon-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Amirkola Children Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.Journal Article20170424<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The most commonly used treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NH) are phototherapy and exchange transfusion. Among the drug therapy for NH less has been paid to the effect of zinc administration on serum bilirubin level (SBL). This study was carried out to determine the on the effect of oral zinc sulfate on the SBL in term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this randomized clinical trial, we studied term neonate with jaundice hospitalized in Amirkola Children’s Hospital, Babol-Iran for phototherapy<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">. </span>Eligible neonates were randomly divided into two; intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Both groups received standard conventional phototherapy but the intervention group received 5 mg per day oral zinc sulfate until discharge. The outcome variables were SBL and the duration of phototherapy.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Out of the 105 studied neonates, 50 cases were in the intervention group and 55 patients were in the control group. The mean SBL before intervention in the intervention and control groups, was 17.4 ±2.1 and 17.1±2.2 mg/dl, respectively (P>0.05) but after the intervention, it decreased to 8.8±0.77 and 8.7±0.99 in intervention and control groups respectively (P>0.05).</span><br /> <span>The mean differences in the decrease in SBL between the two groups were 8.8 and 8.3 in intervention and control groups respectively (P>0.05). But the mean duration of phototherapy in the intervention group and the control group was 4.1 days and 3.6 days respectively (P<0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Administration of oral zinc in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia under the phototherapy could decrease the duration of phototherapy. Further studies are needed to recommend it as an adjunctive therapy to phototherapy.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Application of the Topical Hydrocortisone Ointment Decreases Post-Circumcision Meatal Stenosis in Neonates: A Cross-Sectional Study50615067865710.22038/ijp.2017.23023.1927ENAmrollah SalimiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hazrat Masoume Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.0000-0001-9443-5109Mahsa BesharatiStudent Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Shervin Rashidi NiaStudent Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Sara ShahmoradiStudent Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Seyyed Shahin EftekhariStudent Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170420<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Meatal stenosis is of common late complication of neonatal circumcision, albeit the appropriate post-operative care and conventional consumption of topical agents such as tetracycline. Nevertheless, its underlying etiology still remained vague. Lack of protective effects of foreskin and subsequent inflammation reaction due to chemical and mechanical irritation is thought to be the most probable cause.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>A retrospective review of the medical records of the male neonates, were considered eligible who referred to our pediatric tertiary center (Hazrat-e-Masumeh hospital, Qom city) for circumcision between May 2014 and April 2016. Neonates with severe phimosis and buried penis were excluded from the study. Based on the medical records the patients were divided into two groups. Patients were operated similarly, and then, those who received 1% hydrocortisone ointment post-operatively (n=91) and those who received the conventional treatment with tetracycline cream instead of hydrocortisone (n=91).</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>The mean age of neonates was 19.2 ±3.6 and 21.4 ±2.1 days for tetracycline and hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Meatal stenosis has occurred in 27(29.67%) patients of the tetracycline group, and 11(12.08%) of the hydrocortisone group (P=0.008). Mean time to develop meatal stenosis in the tetracycline group was less than that of the hydrocortisone group (2.3 ±0.4 vs. 3.8 ±0.65 weeks, respectively, P=0.03). There was no adverse effect associated with application of 1% topical ointment of hydrocortisone.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results, applying the topical ointment of hydrocortisone can more effectively reduce post-circumcision meatal stenosis compared with tetracycline cream. Nonetheless, conducting further investigations designing as randomized clinical trial or experimental studies is highly encouraged. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index among First-grade Elementary Students in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran50695077853510.22038/ijp.2017.22650.1891ENMahdi Babaei HatkehloueiDentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Hamed TariDentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Amir Hossein GoudarzianBSc of Nursing, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.0000-0002-3266-101XHaleh HaliAssistant Professor, Department of Pedodontics, Dental Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Journal Article20170319<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) indicator is one of the most epidemiologic indexes in dentistry indicating the situation of oral and dental health among people of a society. The present study has been conducted with the aim of determining the dmft index among Iranian first-grade elementary students.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>This study was conducted on 3,000 (1,500 girls and 1,500 boys), first-grade elementary students in Mazandaran province through descriptive-analytical method. Sample members were gathered using random sampling method. Participants were checked sitting at a conventional seat on the natural light using disposable mirror and dental explorer by a senior dental student.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The total dmft of students was 4.08 ± 2.93 <span>at which</span> there were no significant differences between the dmft of boys and girls. dmft of students in urban areas was 3.94 ± 3 and in rural areas the dmft of students was 4.43 ± 2.66 that the <span>statistical difference</span> between <span>these two</span> groups was significant (P=0.032). dmft difference between healthy people and those with systemic disease <span>was</span> not significant (P=0.818).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The results of this study showed that dental health status of first-grade students in Mazandaran province needs more attention in order to get closer to the international standards in this regard. Also, preventive measures such as Fluoride therapy and fissure sealants, and teaching the appropriate way of brushing and flossing must be used.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Comparing the Parenting Role Tasks in Parents of Children with Mental/Physical Disabilities50795089854810.22038/ijp.2017.22803.1910ENAzade RiyahiInstructor, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Samira Yazdani GhadikolaeeMSc of Occupational Therapy, Occupational Therapist in Social Welfare Organization, Mazandaran, Iran.Malihe KolagarMSc of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, School of Psychology and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran. Tehran, Iran.Azade Azami SarukolaiiBSc of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.Hosseinali AbdolrazaghiAssistant Professor in Department Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.Fatemeh RafieiBiostatistician, Department of Statistics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Abolfazl MohammadbeigiAssociate Professor, Neurology and Neurosciences Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170401<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The role of parents during childhood is very important. Imbalances in parenting roles may cause severe emotional and physical injuries in children. The current study aimed at comparing parenting role tasks in parents of children who affected to mental/physical disabilities. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In the current cross sectional study, the parenting role tasks questionnaire was completed for 230 married couples with at least one child with disability and the parents were selected by convenience sampling method. The parenting role tasks were compared between mothers and fathers. Independent t-test, chi square and analysis of variances was used to compare the scores between fathers and mothers based on studied variables including demographic variables, types of child disabilities and history of trauma and seizure.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Among enrolled children, 49 (21.3%) had mental and 99 (43%) affecting to physical disabilities. A significant difference regarding the parenting role tasks between mothers and fathers; therefore, the mean score of mothers for parenting role tasks was significantly higher than that of fathers regarding different variables such as demographic data, seizure, trauma, and the type of disabilities in the child (P<0.001). </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The total score of parenting role tasks questionnaire and scores of its four subscale, including primary cares, leisure time, education and training and improving cognitive level, was higher in mothers than fathers. Our results indicated that the negative effect of children’s disabilities on the balance of parental role and more pressure is bearing <span>by mothers</span>. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Health Promoting Behaviors among University Students: A Case-Sectional Study of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences50915099863110.22038/ijp.2017.8631ENNafiseh MontazeriDepartment of Cardiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Neda KianipourStudents Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Babak NazariDepartment of Radiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Arash ZiapourResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Saeedeh BakhshiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20170423 <br /> <strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The health promoting behaviors determine the health status in the present and future. The medical students, as developers and providers of professional care, play a key role in the promotion of health. Hence, determining the health promoting behaviors among them is of the essence. The present study aimed to investigate the health promoting behaviors among the students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah city, Iran.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>This descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014-2015 on a sample of 380 students majoring at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. To collect the required data, an instrument comprising the demographic questions and health-promoting lifestyle profile II questionnaire by Walker et al. (1987) was used. Data were analyzed using The IBM SPSS Statistics Software version 21.0. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The mean age of students were 20.07± 2.04 years old. In addition, of the total of 351 subjects of the present study, 134 students (39%) were male and 217 (61%) were female, and in terms of marital status, 330 of the participants (94%) were single. Further, the majority of students were studying doing BSc degrees (230 students or 65.5%), and 52.7% were residing in dormitories. The status of health promoting behaviors was average. In addition, the highest and lowest scores related to the spiritual growth (3.24<span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL">±</span>0.59) and physical activities (2.25<span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL">±</span>0.641), respectively. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The results of the present study revealed that the status of the students’ health promoting behaviors at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was average. Therefore, more accurate planning is vital to improve the status of the students’ health promoting behaviors. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Effect of Family-centered Intervention in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on Anxiety of Parents51015111834110.22038/ijp.2017.22174.1854ENMohammad ArshadiBostanabadAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Hossein NamdarArshatnabAssistant Professor, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Iran.Masoumeh BalilaNeonatologist, 29 Bahman Hospital, Social Security Organization, Tabriz, Iran.Mohammad Asghari JafarabadiRoad Traffic Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0003-3284-9749Kobra RavanbakhshMSc Student in NICU, Research Committee of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170223<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Birth of a premature infant and hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a stressful phenomenon and lead to parents’ anxiety. In such situation, fathers have important role to reduce mothers’ anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the effect of family-centered intervention in the NICU on the anxiety of parents. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this clinical trial, 60 parents of premature infants hospitalized in the NICU were assigned to two groups using randomization with the block size of 6. Before the intervention, the anxiety of the mothers was measured in both groups. The fathers in the control group received only the<span> routine care of the ward, but those in the intervention group were educated about mother supporting and newborn care 3 times. Furthermore, the </span>parents were given the opportunity to be with their infants for 3 days in order to exchange ideas in the non-visiting hours. One day after the intervention, the anxiety of the mothers was measured in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 11.0).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>Most of newborns in both group have delivered by caesarian section (71.4 vs. 64.3%). Investigating the difference between the mean total anxiety scores of parents in the two groups before and after the intervention showed a significant reduction in the anxiety score of the intervention group (97.37 to 75.70) (P<0.000), but no significant difference in the control group (P<0.320).</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>Results of this study demonstrated that family-centered care and paternal supports reduces the anxiety of the parents of premature infants. </span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Determining the Content of a Pediatric Asthma Website from Parents’ Perspective: The Internet Use and Information Needs51135123837710.22038/ijp.2017.22367.1877ENRezvan AnsariMedical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Leila AhmadianMedical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Nasrin Bazargan HarandiMedical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Moghadameh MirzaiKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Journal Article20170304<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">The acquisition of knowledge by parents of children with asthma plays an important role <span><span>in the treatment </span></span></span><span>of </span><span lang="EN">children. Thus, it is important to understand their needs and provide this information through <span><span>available</span></span> methods <span><span>such as</span></span> a website.</span><span><span lang="EN">The aim of <span>this</span> study</span></span><span><span lang="EN">was to determine the content of a pediatric asthma website based on the evaluation of parents information needs.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span lang="EN">This cross-sectional study</span></span><span>was conducted by a </span><span><span lang="EN">descriptive</span></span><span lang="EN">-<span>analytical</span> </span><span>approach</span><span><span lang="EN"> in Kerman, Iran</span></span><span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span></span><span><span lang="EN"> Data were collected using a semi</span></span><span lang="EN">-structured </span><span><span lang="EN">questionnaire</span></span><span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span></span><span>The questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 300 parents visiting allergy and asthma </span><span><span lang="EN">specialists’</span></span><span lang="EN"> <span>offices</span></span><span>. Three experts confirmed </span><span lang="EN">validity of the questionnaire. The <span><span>reliability</span> of the questionnaire</span></span><span><span lang="EN">was confirmed </span></span><span><span>using the</span></span><span><span> <span lang="EN">test-</span><span lang="EN"> retest</span></span></span><span lang="EN"> <span>method</span> <span>on</span> <span>40</span> </span><span><span>participants</span></span><span> <span><span lang="EN">(</span></span><span lang="EN">r = <span>0.82). Data</span> were analyzed<span> <span>using</span> <span>descriptive and</span> <span>analytical</span> <span>statistics by</span> <span>SPSS version 20.0 software</span></span></span></span><span>.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span lang="EN">Participants demanded</span></span><span> information <span>concerning</span> asthma nutrition (</span><span lang="EN">79.0%</span><span>)</span><span lang="EN">, prevention (</span><span lang="EN">78.1%<span>), <span>treatment (</span></span><span>77.1</span>%<span><span>)</span></span><span>, </span></span><span>medications (</span><span lang="EN">72.4%</span><span>)</span><span lang="EN"> as well as <span>general</span> <span>information (</span></span><span lang="EN">71.4%<span><span>) and information about etiology of the disease (</span></span>70.5%<span><span>), respectively</span></span></span><span><span>.</span></span><span><span lang="EN"> The results showed</span></span><span lang="EN"> <span>that</span> <span>the fathers use</span> <span>the Internet significantly more than the mothers</span></span><span><span lang="EN"> (p=0.0001)<span>. There </span></span></span><span lang="EN">was a<span> statistically significant relationship between </span>participants’ <span>educational level and</span> the type of re<span>source</span></span><span><span>s</span></span><span><span> <span lang="EN">they use</span></span></span><span lang="EN"> <span>to obtain</span> <span>information</span></span><span><span lang="EN"> (P<0.05)<span>.</span></span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>This study highlighted the most important information needs of parents of children with asthma. </span><span><span lang="EN">The results indicated that most</span></span><span lang="EN"> <span>parents have access to the Internet and</span> <span>prefer to</span> <span>get</span> <span>their required asthma information</span> <span>from it.</span></span><span>Therefore, providing required information to parents through a website can offer them the opportunity to increase their corresponding <span>level</span> of knowledge and skills.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601The Effectiveness of Education Based on BASNEF Model on Promoting Preventive Behavior of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Students51255136839910.22038/ijp.2017.22373.1875ENAbedin SaghafipourDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Jalil NejatiHealth Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.Ehssan MozaffariDepartment of Medical Entomology and Vector control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.Fatemeh RezaeiDepartment of Social Medicine, Medicine School Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.0000-0003-2977-2699Zabihollah GharlipourDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Mahdi MirheydariDepartment of Communicable Diseases, Health Center of Qom Province, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170304<strong><em><span>Background: </span></em></strong><span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis</span><span>(CL) is considered as one of the issues and problems of public health in most tropicalparts of Iran. The CL is a very important disease, because of its dermal lesions on patient’s bodies. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of education based on BASNEF model on promoting preventive behavior of CL among students.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>This study was a quasi-experimental study which was performed on 192 middle school students that resident in endemic areas of Qom province- Iran based on BASNEF model. </span><span>Students were divided into several groups then they were selected as experimental and control groups using cluster sampling method;</span><span> Data collection was done by researchers made Questionnaire before and two months after intervention. After two months of students training, the data were collected again and analyzed via Chi- square, t- independent, and generalized linear model (GLM) statistics.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>The findings showed that 46.95% and 46.1% of students were males in experimental and control groups, respectively</span><span>.</span><span> The mean age in experimental and control groups were 13.8±1 and 13.9±9 years old, respectively.</span><span>There was no significant difference in term of demographic data in experimental group in comparison of control group (P</span><span>></span><span>0.05).</span><span> Mean scores of knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, behavioral intentions and behavior as components of BASNEF Model increase significantly two months after the educational intervention among experimental group comparing to control group (P<0.05). Mean scores in subjective norms among students has increased, but there was no significant relationship between subjective norms in experimental group in comparison of control group (P >0.05). </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span>According to the finding, educational intervention based on BAZNEF model can elevate knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, behavioral intentions and behavior of students for prevention and control of CL. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601The Risk Factors in Children with Simple and Complex Febrile Seizures: An Epidemiological Study51375144830110.22038/ijp.2017.22000.1840ENAlireza EskandarifarAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Asadolah FatolahporAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Gamileh AsadiMedical Student, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Ebrahim GhaderiAssistant Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20170213<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>Febrile seizure is the most common seizure disorders.</span></span><span> <span><span>Febrile seizure is divided into two groups of simple and complex seizures.<span> </span>The aim of this epidemiological study was to assess the risk factors involved in the incidence of febrile seizures between the children referred to Besat hospital in the city of Sanandaj (Iran).</span></span> </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>The present paper is a cross-sectional study performed on 334 children with 6-60 months of age hospitalized in Besat hospital in Sanandaj due to febrile seizures in 2014 and 2015. The data collection tool was a checklist including some information such as age, gender, final diagnosis and type of seizure, residential location, serum level of electrolytes and CBC. After collecting the data, description and analytical analysis were performed through SPSS version<span> </span>20 software to assess the data</span></span><strong><em><span>. </span></em></strong><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>Among the 334 children (average age 22.4<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span> 12.8 months) hospitalized because of febrile<span> </span>seizures, 57.5 present were boys and the majority of them were living in the urban areas (72.2‰). Also, 81 percent of the children were hospitalized due to simple febrile seizures and upper respiratory<span> </span>tract infection (URTI) was the most common cause of febrile seizures with 42.8 percent. There was not seen any significant statistical association between the type of seizure and the variables of sex, residential location, age group and serum level of electrolytes (P>0.05). However, the association between residential location and age group with the cause of febrile seizures was statistically significant (P<0.05)</span></span><span>.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span>Given that the results of this study indicated that URTI is the most common cause of febrile seizures among the children.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Beneficial Impression of San-ligation over High-ligation during Orchidopexy; a Cross-Sectional of 2659 Patients51455152869610.22038/ijp.2017.23372.1961ENAmrollah SalimiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery of Hazrat Masoume Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.0000-0001-9443-5109Sara ShahmoradiStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Shervin Rashidi NiaStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Seyyed Shahin EftekhariStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170505<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The ligation of the patent processus vaginalis (PPV) is the challenging issue during the orchidopexy in the patients who suffering undescended testis (UDT). In the present study we aimed to comparing the advantages of the orchidopexy with high-ligation method and the san-ligation method as a modified orchidopexy in our more than 6 years` experiences.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The medical records of 2,659 boys with UDT who undergone orchidopexy in xx hospital, Qom-Iran, between February 2010 and October 2016 were analyzed. The exclusion criteria were consisting of critical cases, presence of concomitant obvious clinical hernia, re-operation due to re-ascending, abdominal UDT, and coincidence with other anomalies. Two surgical method were performed based upon the medical records: 1- orchidopexy with PPV high-ligation, and 2- orchidopexy with PPV san-ligation. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>A total of 2,659 medical records with 3,208 UDTs were reviewed. Of them, 2,210 (79.4%) patients had unilateral UDT. Of the total UDTs, 1,956 (61%) UDTs were located in the inguinal canal. The mean age of the patients was 21.3 ±2.7 months. Of the total UDTs, 2,187 (68.2%) and 1,021 (31.8%) were undergone orchidopexy with high-ligation and san-ligation PPV, respectively. The operative time significantly decreases in the san-ligation PPV group (11.2 minutes vs. 18.4 minutes; P =0.03). A total of 207 (6.45%) complications were occurred in the 187(7%) patients. The commonest complication was spermatic cord/testicular edema which was no significant difference in both surgical groups (P=0.769). </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The </span><span>modified </span><span>orchidopexy with san-ligation of PPV does not significantly increase the risk of post-operative complications. However, this method significantly reduces the operative time.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Radioprotection to the Gonads in Pediatric Pelvic Radiography: Effectiveness of Developed Bismuth Shield51535166863310.22038/ijp.2017.23116.1939ENVahid KaramiDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.0000-0003-1360-2054Mansour ZabihzadehDepartment of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Clinical Oncology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.Nasim ShamsDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0003-1511-3609Mehrdad GolamiDepartment of Medical physics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Abad, Iran.0000-0002-7544-6416Journal Article20170424<strong><em><span>Background: </span></em></strong><span>The use and effectiveness of traditional lead gonad shields in pediatric pelvic radiography has been challenged by several literatures over the past two decades. The aim of this study was to develop a new radioprotective gonad shields to be use in pediatric pelvic radiography.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span>The </span><span>commercially available 0.06 mm lead equivalent bismuth garment</span><span> has cropped squarely and used as ovarian shiel</span><span>d</span><span> to cover the entire region of pelvis</span><span>. I</span><span>n order to prevent deterioration of image quality</span><span> due to beam hardening artifacts</span><span>, a 1-cm foam as spacer was located between the shield and patients pelvis. Moreover, we added a lead piece at the cranial position of the bismuth garment to absorb the scatter radiations to the radiosensitive organs. </span><span>In girls, 49 radiographs with shield and 46 radiographs without shield was taken. The radiation dose was measured </span><span>using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs<strong>)</strong>. Image</span><span> quality assessments were performed using the European guidelines. For boys, </span><span>the lead testicular shields was developed using 2 cm bismuth garment, added to the </span><span>sides. The prevalence and efficacy of testicular shields was assessed in clinical practice fromFebruary 2016 to June 2016.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>Without increasing the dose to the breast, thyroid and the lens of the eyes, the use of bismuth shield has reduced the entrance skin dose</span><span>(ESD) of the pelvis and radiation dose to the ovaries by 62.2% and 61.7%, respectively (P<0.001). Image quality remained diagnostically acceptable in all shielded and non-shielded images, without non-diagnostic or poor quality image. In boy patients, the prevalence of shielding in lead and developed testicular shields were obtained 63.25% and 19.74%, respectively; the accuracy positioning of the shield 90% and 34%, as well as.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span>The ovarian shield designed in this study has significantly reduced the radiation dose to the ovaries without adversely affecting diagnostically image quality. The testicular shield has improved the accuracy positioning of the shield. These developed shields have potential to be use in clinical practice.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Effects of Abdominal Massage and Non-Nutritive Sucking on Physiological Parameters of Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)51675181862810.22038/ijp.2017.23025.1928ENAlehe SeyyedrasooliMSc in Nursing, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Malihe AsadollahiMSc in Nursing , Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Homa BabaeiAssociate Professor of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0003-0703-8178Saeed MusaviAssistant Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of medical science, Tabriz, Iran.Sharareh KianiNeonatal Intensive Care Nursing Graduate Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170420<strong><em><span>Background: </span></em></strong><span>Despite the reduction of infant mortality in the world, complication of preterm birth is a major cause of infant mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of abdominal massage and non-nutritive sucking on physiological parameters of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units in Emam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span>In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 42 infants who had the inclusion criteria, were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of abdominal massage and non-nutritive sucking and control (14 infant for each group). Abdominal massage in the first intervention group with the <span lang="FA" dir="RTL">"</span>I Love You<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">:</span> method and non-nutritive sucking in the second intervention through sucking a pacifier were performed twice in day for 15 minutes. The control group also received typical unit care. In order to analyze the data, the SPSS 22.0 software for analytical as well as descriptive statistical methods was used.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>The results of this study showed that the studied groups, at 9 AM and 9 PM of 5 consecutive days, had a significant difference with each other in terms of physiological parameters of the mean scores of respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation level (p<0.05); as the mean of changes of Respiratory rate , Heart rate and Oxygen saturation level in the abdominal massage group had a significant statistical difference with each of the control and non-nutritive sucking groups (P<0.05); but there was no statistically significant difference between non-nutritive group and the control group (P>0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span>Abdominal massage had positive effect on the physiological parameters of preterm infants, but non-nutritive sucking had no effect on these parameters, so abdominal massage may be effective on improvement of physiological indices in preterm infants<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Living with Worry: The Experience of Mothers with Deaf Child51835193855410.22038/ijp.2017.22743.1914ENHossein EbrahimiAssociate Professor, Department of Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Eissa MohammadiPhD, Professor, Department of Nursing, School of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-6169-9829Akbar PirzadehMD, Associate Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fatemi Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.Mahmood ShamshiriPhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.Mohammad Ali MohammadiBSN, MSN, PhD candidate, Research Committee Member, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170404<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Born of a child with hearing loss is a stressful and unexpected experience for the parents. Understanding the experience of the mothers of children with hearing loss is a crucial to provide an appropriate care for this group of mothers.</span><span>This study aimed to understand the concerns of the mothers who have a child with congenitally hearing loss. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this qualitative content analysis, 35 mothers with child hearing loss participated in the semi-structural and deep interviews through a purposeful sampling method. Data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis provided by Graneheim et al.<span> </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Concerns of mothers of children with hearing loss were categorized in three main themes: ‘the concerns of nature of hearing loss’, ‘the social concerns’ and ‘concerns about future’. Remarkably, the participants live with fear of the possibility of another deaf child birth in the next pregnancy or next generations were the most important concern of mothers. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Mothers of deaf children are experiencing the varieties of concerns. To cope with these concerns, they need a special consideration by society and health professionals. Modification of the concerns can decrease the child-related stress and consequently encourage them to involve in child care. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601First Report of A Unique Presentation of Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Following Type I Esophageal Atresia; A Case Report51955198870510.22038/ijp.2017.23442.1972ENAmrollah SalimiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery of Hazrat Masoume Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Abolfazl IranikhahDepartment of Pediatric Gastroentrology of Hazrat Masoume Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Shervin Rashidi NiaStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Seyed Shahin EftekhariStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Sara ShahmoradiStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170508<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Combination of congenital esophageal atresia and subsequent hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a rare condition which occurs in early infancy. The underlying etiology and pathophysiology of this association still remains unclear. In this paper we report a unique case of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, for the first time, which occurred in an infant who underwent surgery for type I esophageal atresia. Therefore, we intend to highlight the role of poor nutrition intake in the incidence of this condition.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Adequacy of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance Indicators for Iran in 201651995201867010.22038/ijp.2017.23244.1955ENSalman KhazaeiDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.Abolfazl MohammadbeigiNeurology and Neurosciences Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Zohreh AnbariEDC, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranJournal Article20170430<span>Eradication of polio as a largest public health innovation is led by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the world <span>(1)</span>. The main strategies to reach this goal included improved routine immunization, adequate response to outbreaks and effective surveillance (2). Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance has considered as a comprehensive program for polio eradication, by identification of areas of poliovirus transmission as well as cases of importation. Polio-free certification should be confirmed through surveillance <span>(3)</span>. AFP surveillance has some indicators, where used to determine sufficient sensitivity of surveillance to detect poliovirus transmission in communities <span>(4)</span>.</span><br /> <strong><span>Table.1</span></strong><span> shows two cores of AFP surveillance performance indicators including non-polio AFP and stool adequacy rates for Iran in 2016 <span>(5)</span>. In the year of 2016 recorded the 776 AFP cases (Non polio AFP rate: 4.2 per 100,000 </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601The Relationship of Vitamin D and Calcium level with Preeclampsia Severity: A Case- control Study52035210818110.22038/ijp.2017.21351.1792ENSima HashemipourAssociate Professor of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.Neda EsmailzadehhaGeneral Practitioner, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0001-8109-6099Amir ZiaeeProfessor of Endocrinology, Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad Hossein KhoeinihaPathologist, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.Elham DarvishgoftarAssistant of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.Zahra MesgariAssistant of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.Fatemeh PashazadeInstructor of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.Shokohossadat AbotorabiAssistant Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0002-4569-8794Journal Article20170114<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span><span style="font-size: medium;">Vitamin D deficiency is associated with physiologic changes that are similar to pathogenesis of preeclampsia. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Although association of vitamin D and preeclampsia has been studied previously, their results are not consistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the </span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: medium;">relationship</span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"> of serum vitamin D and calcium with preeclampsia severity. </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Materials and Methods</span></span></span></em></strong><strong><em><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">: </span></span></span></em></strong><span><span style="font-size: medium;">This case- control study was </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">conducted in </span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">75 healthy pregnant women and 74 pregnant women with preeclampsia</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (46 mild p</span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">reeclampsia and 28 severe preeclampsia) in Qazvin, Iran in 2015. Serum vitamin D, calcium, and albumin were measured; corrected calcium was also calculated. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Hypocalcemia and</span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"> vitamin D deficiency were compared between the groups. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Logistic regression analysis was used to study the independent association of hypocalcemia and </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">hypovitaminosis D with preeclampsia. </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Results</span></span></span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="NL"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mean serum vitamin D level was 27.7</span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">±15.3, 22.9±15.9, and 27.6±16.6 in normal, mild preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia groups </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">(P> 0.05); also vitamin D deficiency was not different between the groups. Hypocalcemia in sev</span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">ere preeclampsia group was more frequent than normal group (25.9% vs. 6.6%, P: 0.017). Hypocalcemia was associated with severe preeclampsia after adjustment for age, parity, and calcium supplement consumption (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.45-30.79; P: 0.015). </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></span></span></em></strong><br /> <span><span style="font-size: medium;">There was not any association </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">between </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">vitamin D deficiency</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">and preeclampsia in the present study, however low corrected serum calcium was associated with about </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;">six times increased risk of sever preeclampsia. More studies are needed to determine the role of hypocalcemia and vitamin D in preeclampsia. </span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50475620170601Age-Specific Bacteriological Profile of Pediatric Septicemia; A Population- Based Study52115217877010.22038/ijp.2017.23729.2005ENSeyyed Shahin EftekhariSchool of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Sara ShahmoradiStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Shervin Rashidi NiaSchool of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Hossein HeidariAssistant Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20170522<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Septicemia is a life-threatening condition particularly among pediatric population. Early initiating a proper empiric antimicrobial treatment prior to definite isolation of the pathogen through blood culture has pivotal role in reducing further mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological properties of a distinct Iranian population by patients’ age and gender throughout the year.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>As a retrospective study between March 2013 and March 2017, all consecutive patients referred to the Hazrat Masumeh hospital of Qom-Iran with suspicious of septicemia were reviewed. Patients with prior history of antibiotic consumption as well as patients over 6 years of age were excluded; incomplete hospital records were also excluded from further evaluations. Prespecified data-extraction forms were used to collect data including characteristics of patients and the results of antibiogram.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Total of 378 patients were enrolled in this study and 200 of them were boys (52.91%). Escherichia coli (11.6%) and Klebsiella (9.5%) were the most common isolated pathogens (Gram-negative) after coagulase-negatives. <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Citrobacter </em>(Gram-negative), and <em>Staph. Aureus </em>(Gram-positive) were the most common pathogens among age group of 0-1 year. Winter had the greatest outbreak of bacteremia (29.1%) and the autumn had the least incidence (21.4%). The least and the most antimicrobial resistance were associated with Imipenem (1.8%) and Ampicillin (78.78%), respectively.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Escherichia coli</span><span>and Klebsiella were the most common isolated bacteria in patients suspected to bacteremia in our region. Imipenem and Ampicillin had the least and the most antimicrobial resistance in our population, respectively.</span>