Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Relationship of Spiritual Health and Perceived Stress with Breastfeeding Self-efficacy: A Survey on Mothers with Hospitalized Neonates61796188933110.22038/ijp.2017.25961.2210ENAlireza DidarlooAssociate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.0000-0002-4541-6654Leili RahmatnezhadMSc in Midwifery, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.Siamak SheikhiAssociate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Urmia, Iran.Fateme KhodaiBSc Student in Midwifery, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20170829<br />Introduction: Positive outcomes of breastfeeding on both mothers and neonates health are inevitable. Mother self-efficacy has a constructive role on initiating and continuing breastfeeding, in turn, it is influenced by several factors. The present study aimed to determine some risk factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers with hospitalized newborns.<br />Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was carried out on 150 eligible mothers who were selected from Motahhari Hospital of Urmia in 2016, using consecutive sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires such as Demographics, Paloutzian and Ellison the Spiritual Health Scale (PESHS), Cohen’s Perceived Stress (PSS), and Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSEF). Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regressions) were used to analyze the data in SPSS software under windows with version 16. <br />Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of breastfeeding self-efficacy score were 128.95±17.84, respectively. The final multivariate regression model showed that the variables of spiritual health (P=0.01, β(r) =.208, t=2.54), perceived stress (P=0.03, β(r) = -.173, t=-2.18), and monthly income (P=0.01, β(r)=.214, t=2.55), had statistically significant relationships with breastfeeding self-efficacy. No significant relationships were observed between self-efficacy and other demographic variables (p>0.05).<br />Conclusion: The study suggests that breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers was influenced by spiritual health, perceived stress, and economic status. Hence, it is recommended and emphasized that health care providers consider these factors in designing their health interventions regarding breastfeeding.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Cow’s Milk Sensitization in Young Children with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease61896194937710.22038/ijp.2017.24825.2097ENMozhgan MoghtaderiAllergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0002-9612-2429Shirin FarjadianDepartment of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.Mohammad Hadi ImaniehDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.Saeed Hosseini TeshniziParamedical School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Journal Article20170709Introduction:: Recent reports have suggested that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is link with cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of CMA in young children with GERD.<br />Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study included 33 children (median age, 2.93±1.90 years) with GERD according to a valid gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire and 33 healthy children (median age, 3.39±1.90 years). CMA was diagnosed by skin test, serum specific IgE level and atopy patch test to milk in both patient and control groups.<br />Results: Twenty- four children with GERD showed positive reaction to at least one of the diagnostic tests for CMA compared to 13 children in control group (OR=1.78; CI 95% 1.14 to 2.80). There was a significant difference in the result of patch test between the children with GERD and controls (OR=2.06; CI 95%, 1.46 to 2.91), but not in the skin test and the level of specific IgE to milk. Twenty- two patients (67%) had positive family history for atopy while four children (12%) in control group (PMashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Intraoperative Sonographic Guided Pull-through Anorectoplasty: A Novel Procedure for Imperforate Anus and Rectourethral Fistula: A Clinical Trial Study61956200939210.22038/ijp.2017.23287.1966ENMarjan JoudiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0001-6373-1722Mehdi FathiDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Alireza SabzevariDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Reza NazarzadehDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Mohammad Hossein HassaniDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Ali AzadmandDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Ahmad Mohammad-pourDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Farideh Jamali-BehnamSurgical Oncology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Aghigh Ziaee-mehrSurgical Oncology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Seyed Ali AlamdaranDivision of Radiology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sheikh Children Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-5966-2856Mahdi Parvizi MashhadiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Saeed VaziriFaculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Khalil AlizadehSurgical Oncology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Alireza KeshtgarDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.Journal Article20170506Background and objectives: Optimal surgical management of the neonate with imperforate anus (IA) depends on determining accurate location of muscle complex, pouch of rectum and urethral fistula. The aim of this study was to investigate a novel minimally invasive technique of anorectoplasty assisted by intraoperative sonography pull-through for repair of anorectal malformation and rectourinary fistula.<br />Patients and methods: Eight male patients with imperforate anus aged under 48 h had undergone colostomy. Any associated anomalies were evaluated in cases. After 5-8 weeks, neonates were prepared for anoplasty. After catheterization, sonography of perinea was carried out. Patients were placed in lithotomy position. The accurate position of each required point was determined by this procedure.<br />Results: In all cases, the pouch of rectum to skin distance was in range 1.5-1.8 mm and entrance distance of wire to fistula was maximally 6 mm, just in one patient this value was 7 mm. Anomalies associated with some patients were Down Syndrome, cardiac anomalies, kidney disease .6 out of 8 patients removed urinary catheter after two days and discharged home. Colostomy of all patients was closed after sonography of prinea. After one week and one month follow- up, all patients had an acceptable fecal frequency about 3- 5 times a day.<br />Conclusion:Intra-operative sonography is an applicable procedure to determine correct location of muscle complex, pouch of rectum and uretral fistula to treat IA patients non- invasively. Another interesting point of this study is the ability of non invasive surgery and novel procedure with perfect result.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Regular Reminding of the Potential Serious Complications of Poor Adherence to Treatment: A Strategy for Improving Treatment Adherence in Beta-Thalassemia Major Patients62016202922110.22038/ijp.2017.25718.2190ENAmir Emami ZeydiStudent Research Committee, PhD candidate in Nursing, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Abbas HeydariEvidence-Based Caring Research Center, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0001-8690-2002Hossein Karimi MoonaghiEvidence-Based Caring Research Center, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20170818Globally, β-Thalassemia Major (β-TM) is the most commonly inherited hemolytic anemia, with a high incidence rate in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Mediterranean countries. Patients with β-TM require lifelong adherence to their distressing treatment regimens, including regular blood transfusions and daily chelation therapy.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Herbal Appetizer for Children with Failure to Thrive (FTT) in View of Traditional Persian Medicine: A Review62036220877710.22038/ijp.2017.23777.2012ENRoghayeh JavanStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Akram KooshkiPh.D of Nutrition, Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty Member of Medicine School, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.Monavvar AfzalaghaeeAssistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Mitra AldaghiAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.Sadegh ShokriPh.D of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Hamideh Naghedi BaghdarStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Elaheh DelshadStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Mahdi YousefiAssistant Professor, Depatrment of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20170523Back ground: Failure to thrive (FTT) is a condition of poor weight gain in early childhood. Low appetite which is associated with FTT interacts with increasing caloric intake as the main treatment for FTT. Phytochemicals in herbal remedies could alter appetite more than the expected effects of other nutrients. This review aimed to assess the effective and safe herbal appetizer for children with FTT according to Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM).<br />Methods: By searching through main pharmaceutical books of Persian medicine during 8th –18th centuries (A.D.), the herbal remedies as appetizer were determined. We searched Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of these herbs in PubMed, Scopus, ISI and Google scholar databases, since 1950 to15 december2016.<br />Findings: Overall, 42 herbs were found. Among these herbs, only 11 herbs were prescriptible for children. Improving of feed intake, growth performance, weight gain and gastro- esophageal protection were the most reported activities.<br />Conclusion: Natural remedies Prepared from these herbs may be useful for enhancing appetite especially for FTT in children. Additional well-designed studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of them.<br />.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Investigating Effect of Olfactory Stimulation by Vanilla on the Rate of Apnea Attacks in Neonates with Apnea of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial62216229906410.22038/ijp.2017.24906.2103ENSakineh YaghoubiMSc Student in Nursing Neonatal Care, Shahid Sadoughi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.Naiire SalmaniDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.0000-0001-8193-6246KhadijehDehghani DehghaniInstructor of Pediatric Education Group, Shahid Sadoughi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.Hamideh DavoodiZadehJolgehBA in nursing of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, and Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.Journal Article20170712<strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a developmental disorder that affects the premature newborns frequently. One of the new non-drug methods for controlling apnea attacks is olfactory stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of olfactory stimulation by vanilla on the rate of apnea attacks in neonates with AOP.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This study is a single-blind randomized clinical trial study<span style="color: #00b050;">. </span>The study samples included a total of 40 premature neonates with AOP who were admitted to the neonatal Intensive care unit (NICU) of Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd, Iran, in 2016 and were assigned randomly in experimental (n=20), and control (n=20) groups. The experimental group was exposed to cotton impregnated with 2ml of vanillin extractfor 24 hours. The number of apnea attacks, heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) level were measured before, during and after intervention for three consecutive days. Data analysis was performed using statistical analysis in SPSS version 22.0 software.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Results: </span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean number of apnea attacks (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between in the experimental group on the first day (2.84 ± 1.25), and second day (1.63 ± 1.01) in terms of the mean number of attacks. Also, there was a significant difference between the mean heart rate and SaO2 level in both the experimental and control groups (p<0.05).</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">At current study, olfactory stimulation by vanilla was not effective on reducing the number of apnea attacks in neonates with AOP.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Relationship between Designing Computer-based Educational Games, and Learning Motivation among Elementary Students62316244892410.22038/ijp.2017.23812.2033ENZahra JamebozorgDepartment of Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, AllamehTabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran.Fatemeh JafarkhaniDepartment of Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, AllamehTabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad SalimiKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Maryam BrahmanDepartment of Philosophy of Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, AllamehTabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170607<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Background</em></strong>: Motivation is an important factor in learning. Educational games increase the learning motivation and understanding of students by creating a sense of joy, satisfaction and involvement. However, it is necessary to incorporate learning elements into the games, differently. In this study, the researcher tried to provide a model for designing educational games and determining its relationship with learning motivation.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: Components of the model for designing educational games were first determined qualitatively. Then, the relationship between the educational games designed and students' learning motivation was determined. A self-made questionnaire, with elements of educational game designing along with another questionnaire was used to determine the learning motivation. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Results</em></strong><strong>: </strong>The model, with 4 main components and 26 sub-components, was designed. That set of various elements, including: the rules, objectives, tools, results and feedbacks, accidents, challenges and interactions displayed in the context of the game, along with instructional design component such as analysis, design, development, utilization and evaluation were used. After implementation of the pattern and designing the "States of Matter" lesson in the science book for the third graders, the results showed that there is a significant correlation between the use of designed educational game and components of the students’ learning motivation (r= 0.85 and P=0.01). </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><strong>: </strong>According to this study given the relationship between the use of educational games and motivation to learn, it can be concluded that the educational games designed according to scientific principles could lead to the improved students’ motivation and learning. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201A Hospital Based Study on Anemia Prevalence in Children of an Indian Island62456252942310.22038/ijp.2017.26337.2255ENSingh RituAssistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Andaman Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andamans, India.Dethe AshokAssociate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Andaman Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andamans, India.Thatkar Pandurang VithalStatistician, Departments of Community Medicine, Andaman Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andamans, India.Rao ShivaniAssociate Professor, Departments of Community Medicine, Andaman Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andamans, India.Narayanan RajaramAssistant Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology, Andaman Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andamans, India.0000-0003-1604-2005Journal Article20170916<strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Anemia is a major public health problem in India, affects all age groups but children and women in childbearing age group are the most vulnerable. However, data from hospital patients of Indian islands are not available. We aimed to study the prevalence of anemia among children aged 2-12 years of age attending a tertiary care hospital (India).</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A total of 444 children aged 2-12 years were enrolled in the study over six months from August 2015 to Jan 2016. A complete blood count was obtained by taking 2ml of blood using fully automated MINDRAY Hemat analyser-BC5800. Anemia was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for the given age. The data was analyzed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Overall prevalence of anemia among the children 2-12 years of age was 32.21%. Severity wise, mild Anemia was the commonest (56.64%), while severe Anemia was rare. The prevalence of Anemia was slightly more among girls compared to boys although not statistically significant (p>0.05). Both Anemia and mean Hemoglobin (Hb) was significantly associated with age (p<0.05), however, they had no significant association with other demographic variables including gender or education of parents (p>0.05).</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">At current study, Anemia is common among the children of Andaman Nicobar (India), and affects boys and girls equally. Although mild anemia is very common, it remains asymptomatic and therefore goes unnoticed and untreated.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Causes and Outcomes of Respiratory Distress in Neonates Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Be’sat Hospital in Hamadan, Iran62536260934310.22038/ijp.2017.25776.2198ENMohammad SabzeheiDepartment of Pediatrics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.0000-0001-5304-3512Behnaz BasiriDepartment of Pediatrics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.0000-0002-3872-9732Maryam ShokouhiDepartment of Pediatrics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.0000-0002-6967-2476Afshin FayyaziDepartment of Pediatrics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.0000-0002-4625-2014Journal Article20170821<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neonatal respiratory distress is one the most common problems in the first few day of neonatal life. The present study intended to determine the frequency of the causes and outcomes of respiratory distress in neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Hamadan city, Iran. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, all the neonates with respiratory distress (RD), who were hospitalized in the NICU of Be’sat Hospital in Hamedan city, Iran, during 2014 to 2015, entered the study. The required demographic information was extracted from patients’ dossiers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean neonatal age upon admission, mean gestational age and mean birth weight were 5.22±7.18 days, 36.58±3.54 weeks and 2743.9±727.9 grams, respectively. According to the results, intercostal retraction (75.3%), tachypnea (67.7%), and grunting (61.3%) were the most common symptoms of neonatal respiratory distress (NRD), while respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (36.6%), pneumonia (30.1%), and transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) (%14), were the most common causes of respiratory distress. Furthermore, about 19.3% of the neonates died of the disease. The results of logistic regression for the independent risk factors associated with RD outcomes showed that the death rate of neonates with RD had a significant correlation with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (odds ratio[OR]: 33.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.95-161.38), and incidence of apnea (OR: 5.87, 95% CI: 1.072-32.167). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">It was found that RDS is the most common cause of respiratory distress in the hospitalized neonates. Moreover, infant mortality rate increased due to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and occurrence of apnea.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201I-Cell Disease with GNPTAB Gene Mutation62616265944210.22038/ijp.2017.25197.2137ENBhat.Y RameshDepartment of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India.0000-0003-2919-6361Tangirala SusmithaDepartment of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal University, Manipal, India.Lewis LeslieDepartment of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal University, Manipal, India.Purkayastha JayashreeDepartment of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal University, Manipal, India.Journal Article20170724I-cell disease is a rare inherited metabolic disorder resulting from a defective phosphotransferase, characterized by coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities and mental retardation. As clinical features of this condition mimic that of Hurler disease mutation studies help in the diagnosis. We present a case of I-cell disease in a neonate with GNPTAB gene mutation.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Sacrococcyx and Spinal Canal in Children with Constipation62676274889410.22038/ijp.2017.23759.2010ENAli AlamdaranDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-5966-2856Mohammad Taghi PourhoseiniDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0001-5121-3629Seyed Ali JafariDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0001-7738-9788Reza ShojaeianDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Ali FeyziDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Masoud Pezeshki RadDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20170523<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The occult neurological disorders are an important cause of constipation in children. This study aimed to evaluate the spinal canal and lumbosacral by ultrasound in pediatric constipation to better identifying neurological causes of constipation.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this case-control study, 100 children with constipation (age range 1 to 14 years) without previously known chronic illness referred to the Radiology Department of the Mashhad Pediatric Dr. Sheikh Hospital were selected. After recording clinical data, the patients were undergone sacral and spinal cord ultrasound examinations and the results were compared with the control group (healthy children with transient illness (otherwise constipation or urinary disorders) who had referred to radiology department for sonographic examination). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean age of patients was 6 ± 3.3 years old.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> The </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">tethered cord and occult intrasacral meningocele were observed in 2% of patients group. Spina bifida was found in 64% patients, and 31% control subjects with significant difference (P = 0.009). About one third of cases with spina bifida were found in lumbar L5 vertebra, and another two third were in high sacral vertebrae (S1 or S2). Various degrees of caudal regression were observed in 8% patients suffering from constipation and in control group, 2% children had coccyx hypoplasia. No significant correlation was found between case and control groups regarding the location of spina bifida and non-formation of the posterior arch of the sacrum, the mean coccyx length, dural diameter</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">and the ossification age of first vertebra of coccyx. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In pediatric age, lumbosacral spinal anomalies can easily evaluate with ultrasound. The prevalence of spina bifida and caudal regression in children with constipation was significantly higher compared with normal control group. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Investigating the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and its Related Factors in Primiparous Breastfeeding Mothers62756283944310.22038/ijp.2017.25656.2182ENNahid Maleki- SaghooniPhD Student of Reproductive Health, Students Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Malikeh Amel BarezFaculty member of midwifery group, Department of midwifery, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.Somayeh MoeindarbariAssistant professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neonatal and Maternal Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Fatemeh Zahra KarimiEvidence - Based Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-1515-4411Journal Article20170815<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Breastfeeding is one of the most effective behaviors in health promotion and one of factor affecting its success, is breastfeeding self-efficacy. Low breastfeeding self-efficacy entails consequences such as early cessation of breastfeeding, reduction of exclusive breastfeeding, negative effect on sensation and performance. Regarding this study aimed to investigate the breastfeeding self-efficacy and its related factors in pramiparous breastfeeding mothers.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 primiparous breastfeeding mothers with less than 6 months infants referring to healthcare centers of Mashhad, Iran. The study population was selected through multi-stage random sampling technique. Data collection was performed by demographic form and Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale developed by fax and Dennis (1999). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, through SPSS version 16.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>In present study<strong>,</strong>majority of participants were housewife within the age range of 15-25 years with diploma education and had normal delivery. Majority (79.33%) of mothers had high level of breastfeeding self-efficacy with a mean of 130.89±13.60. According to the multiple regression model, employed mothers (B =5.88, p=0.040) with an appropriate income (B=3.7, p=0.42) had significantly higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, compared to those with low family income. On the other hand, mothers with rental houses had significantly lower breastfeeding self-efficacy than their peers with owned properties (B = -3.48, p=0.023).</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>As findings indicated, breastfeeding self-efficacy of participants was at high level. This factor can help health care providers to predict length of breastfeeding, and success rate of exclusive nutrition in mothers, and thereby identify mothers, who are at risk of early breastfeeding stop.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Accuracy of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Rules in Prediction of Clinically Important Head Injuries; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis62856300946110.22038/ijp.2017.26693.2299ENSajjad AhmadiEmergency Medicine Department, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences; Maragheh; Iran.Mahmoud YousefifardPhysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5181-4985Journal Article20171004Objective: the present meta-analysis was designed to determine the value of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) rule in prediction of clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI).<br />Methods: Extensive search was conducted in the databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cinahl up to the end of August 2017. The search records were screened and summarized by two independent reviewers, and eventually the findings were presented as summary of receiver operating characteristics (SROC), sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). <br />Results:<br />Data from 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Area under the curve (AUC) of SROC for PECARN model in prediction of ciTBI in children younger than 2 years old was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.82-0.88). Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of this model were also calculated to be 0.98 (95% CI: 0.92-1.0), 0.56 (95% CI: 0.48-0.64) and 82.53 (95% CI: 16.23-419.63), respectively. AUC of SROC for this model in prediction of ciTBI in children aged 2-18 years old was also found to be 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98) with a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95-0.99), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.53-0.67) and 80.73 (95% CI: 30.59-213.05). <br />Conclusion:<br />The findings of this study are indicative of a high screening value for PECARN model in prediction of ciTBI and classification of patients. So it is recommended that the decision rule be used in routine practice for children referring with mild traumatic brain injuries.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis) and Associated Factors among Primary School Girls in Sirik County, Southern Iran63016309934210.22038/ijp.2017.25917.2206ENAlireza Sanei-DehkordiDepartment of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.0000-0002-4022-0361Moussa Soleimani-AhmadiDepartment of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran AND Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Mehdi ZareDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Abdolhossein MadaniSocial Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Abdolraoof JamshidzadehSirik Health Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Sirik, Iran.Journal Article20170827<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Head lice infestation (pediculosis) is a serious health problem that can cause a high level of anxiety and psychological frustration, especially in developing countries.Socio-demographic factors </span><span>are important determinants of the occurrence of head lice infestation. This study aimed</span><span lang="EN-GB"> to determine the head lice infestations and the factors affecting the rate of infestationin primary school girls. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this cross-</span><span>sectional study, a total of 358 school girls from two urban and three rural primary school girls in Sirik County, Southern Iran, were randomly selected. </span><span lang="EN-GB">For the diagnosis of head lice infestation, students were examined carefully by visual inspection of the scalp and hair for the presence of lice. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and associated factors of head lice infestation. </span><span>SPSS version 21.0 was used<span> to analyze the data.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>The prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school girls was 56.15%. There were significant </span><span>associations between head lice infestation and age (</span><span lang="EN-GB">p<0.05</span><span>), </span><span lang="EN-GB">school grade</span><span>(</span><span lang="EN-GB">p= 0.045</span><span>)</span><span>, family size </span><span>(</span><span lang="EN-GB">p=0.048</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>parents' literacy (</span><span lang="EN-GB">p=0.001)</span><span>, father’s job </span><span>(</span><span lang="EN-GB">p<0.05</span><span>)</span><span>, </span><span>residential environments (</span><span lang="EN-GB">p=0.014</span><span>), </span><span>and history of lice infestation in one family member </span><span>(</span><span lang="EN-GB">p=0. 001</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN-GB">The head lice infestation is one of the major public health problems in primary school girls of Sirik County. It seems that improvement of socio-economic conditions and also health education programs about head lice infestation for primary school girls and their parents could significantly reduce the prevalence of head lice infestation in this area.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Assessment of Maternal General Health and Feeding Pattern of their Infants: A Cross-sectional Study in Iranian Population63116319921610.22038/ijp.2017.25682.2185ENMahshid AhmadiDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Aynaz Ashour MohammadiFaculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Seyed Jaber MousaviDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Journal Article20170816<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Various studies have been conducted so far regarding feeding infants exclusively with natural mother milk; various factors, which may influence feeding process, are occupation of mothers, sickness of infants or mother. This study aimed to assess the relationship between maternal general health and feeding pattern of infants.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>This cross-sectional study was done in 2016. The society in this study was mothers with infants between 0-6 months referred to Imam Ali hospital (Sari, Iran). Using accessible sampling method, 250 mothers were selected. Then they were divided to two groups of dry-powder-milk (DPM, n = 125), and mother-milk (MM, n = 125). Subsequently, general health of mothers in both groups was assessed via General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Then data were analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by descriptive and inferential statistics tests.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Mean age of mothers in dry-powder-milk (DPM) group, and mother-milk (MM) group was 28.53 </span><span><span>±</span></span><span> 5.44 and 27.7 </span><span><span>±</span></span><span> 5.15 years old, respectively. In overall results, general health were not significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.34), but only one dimension of general health (Social functioning) had significant differences between MM and DPM groups (p = 0.02).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Based on results, only one dimension of general health (Social functioning) had significant differences between two groups. So only social functioning had significant relation with feeding pattern of infants. Also, number of children had significant relationship with total score of GHQ. More studies are recommended to earn more detailed results.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Comparison of Anesthetic Techniques on Outcomes of Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy for Foreign Body Removal63216327945810.22038/ijp.2017.26190.2237ENAfsaneh SadeghiPediatric Surgery Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Ardashir TajbakhshPediatric Surgery Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Alireza MahdaviPediatric Surgery Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Sayedsajad RazaviPediatric Surgery Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170909<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">Although both methods of spontaneous respiration and controlled ventilation during anesthesia are safe and effective for managing children with foreign body aspiration, there is no consensus from the literature as to which technique is optimal. This study aimed to determine the outcomes of anesthetic techniques in </span><span><span lang="EN">pediatric </span></span><span lang="EN">rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal</span><span><span lang="EN">.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">In this retrospective cross sectional study, all children underwent rigid bronchoscopy for managing foreign body aspiration at Mofid hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2009 to 2015 were enrolled. Data gathering was done by a surgical technologist and using a structured checklist. The measured variables included gender, age, weight, and duration of anesthesia, duration of bronchoscopy, hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU), and recovery time, and possible major and minor complications.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">Totally, 159 patients were assessed of whom 10 (6.5%) were maintained spontaneous respiration and 149 (99.35%) were given muscle relaxant. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of subjects was 27.21 ± 24.40 months, and also 61% (n=97) were male. The two groups did not differ in terms of age, gender and weight (p>0.05). Patients with controlled ventilation had a similar duration of anesthesia, duration of bronchoscopy, hospitalization in ICU</span><span>,</span><span lang="EN"> recovery time, and complications with the patients who had spontaneous respiration during bronchoscopy (p > 0.05). </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">Patients with spontaneous respiration and controlled ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy have a same outcome during and after the procedure. However, we strongly recommend further study in this regard. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Role of Spirometry in the Diagnosis of Cough Variant Asthma in Children Aged 5 to 15 Years63296336948510.22038/ijp.2017.26518.2276ENMasoumeh GhasempourFellowship of Pediatric Pulmonology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Nemat BilanPediatric Pulmonologist, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Pediatrician, Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-1849-4462Iman VafaeiResident of Pediatrics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170925<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cough variant Asthma (CVA) is defined as chronic cough without wheezing, and may be precursor of typical asthma. Thus, the diagnosis of CVA and early intervention can partly inhibit asthma progression.This study aimed to evaluate the role of spirometry in diagniosis of Cough variant Asthma in Iranian Children.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This descriptive observational study included a total of 73 patients, who were referred to the specialized lung clinic of Tabriz Pediatric Center, Tabriz city, Iran. Patients were divided into two groups with classic asthma (n=37) and cough variant asthma (n=36) and basic spirometry parameters such as FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25-75% and PEF were measured, and the spirometry findings of each individual were measured based on the European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean of FEV1 and FVC in the classic asthma group were 83.45 ± 20.49% and 86.45 ± 21.57%, respectively; and in the cough variant asthma group were 87.44 ± 13.99% and 86.8 ± 14.71%, respectively<em>. </em>There was no significant difference between the two groups for the basic spirometry parameters of FEV1 and FVC (p=0.343, P=0.916; respectively). The average FEV1/FVC parameter in the cough variant asthma group was 89.44±13.07, but it was 72.35±8.47 in the classic asthma group, with a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">There was a significant difference in the FEV1 / FVC value between two groups of cough and classic asthma. Spirometry of patients with cough variant asthma showed the FEF values (25 -75%) were lower than expected; we suggest using spirometry in the diagnosis of cough variant asthma considering small airways changes.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Short and Long Term Complications after Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Review and Literature63376346948110.22038/ijp.2017.26816.2312ENManoochehr KarjooPediatrician and Gastroenterologist
Upstate Medical University, Syracuse New York USA.Mohammad Ali KianiDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-7869-0828Arash SarveazadColorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Masumeh SaeidiStudents Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5601-9876Fatemeh AghajaniAlzahra University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20171010Background: Pediatric liver transplant is a complex surgical procedure. Pediatric liver transplantation has evolved over the last two decades into an effective and widely accepted therapy for infants and children. The aim of our report is to review the current state of knowledge and explore the incidence of complications, the involved pathogens among liver recipients to determine the effective strategies for preventing complications.<br />Materials and Methods: The literature research was conducted in EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar; were searched from January 1984 to January 2016. The following keywords were used: Liver transplantation, Pediatric, Risk factors, Complication and Children. <br />Results: The main complications after pediatric liver transplantation were: infections (51.4%) and surgical complications including [biliary complications (41.2%), and postoperative bleeding (27%)]. In general, vascular complications were seen in 35% of children.<br />Conclusion: Infections and biliary complications were the most common outcome occurring in children after LT. Advances in post-transplant care and monitoring of the recipients, technical refinements enable the better results.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Effect of Resilience Education by the Teach-back Method on the Stress of Mothers of Educable Mentally Retarded Children: A Field Trial Study63476358934510.22038/ijp.2017.25250.2140ENMasoud MoghimiDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Zohreh KarimiDepartment of Operating Room, School of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.0000-0002-9440-7092Nafiseh EsmaeilpourDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Mohammad ZoladlDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.0000-0002-9243-0969Journal Article20170726<strong><em><span>Background: </span></em></strong><span>The presence of a mentally retarded child is a stressful experience for the family, especially mothers. The present study aimed to determine the effect of resilience education by the teach-back method on the stress of mothers of educable mentally retarded children.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this field trial study, 70 mothers of educable mentally retarded children were selected as the sample using convenience sampling method and then assigned to the intervention (n=35) and control groups (n=35) based on block random allocation. Each mother in the intervention group participated in 8 sessions of resilience education by the teach-back method (each session lasted 30-45 minutes) in a period of 30 days. The Parenting Stress Index of Abidin and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were filled out by </span><span lang="EN">mothers of the intervention (teach-back) and control groups </span><span>in pretest and posttest. The obtained data were analyzed using </span><span lang="EN">SPSS version 16.0 software.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>The mean score of maternal stress before the intervention was 127.94 ± 22.35 in the intervention group, and 129.31±21.82 in the control group. These values after the intervention were 88.6±17.98 and 135.23±23.08 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. In addition, the mean score of resilience before the intervention was 29.17±11.95 in the intervention group, and 25.89±10.3 in the control group. These values after the intervention were obtained 58.94±9.43 and 22.2±8.17 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the mean score of stress and resilience one month after the completion of intervention (p<span lang="FA" dir="RTL"></span><0.05). Additionally,</span><span lang="EN"> mothers in the intervention group, who received the teach-back method, had significantly less stress and more resiliency (p<0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span lang="EN">The study showed that resilience education through teach-back had a significant effect on reducing stress and increasing resiliency of mothers of educable mentally retarded children.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species in Children Referred to Central and Hospital Laboratories of Zabol City, South East of Iran63596364840610.22038/ijp.2017.22358.1871ENMansour DabirzadehAssociated Professor of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran.Mahdi Khoshsima ShahrakiMSc of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran.Daryosh RostamiMSc of Anesthesia, Faculty of Paramedical Science, Anesthesia Group, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, IranSomayeh BagheriMSc of Biostatic Science, Department of Biostatics, Faculty of Health, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran.Journal Article20170303<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Cryptosporidiosis has a worldwide distribution, and is the commonest cause of diarrhea in children and immune compromised individuals. Since there is no data available on the <span>prevalence</span> of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species (sp.) in Zabol city, thus this study was carried out to assess the disease prevalence and related factors influencing the disease.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>In this cross-sectional study, 200 fecal specimens were collected from children referred to the Central or hospital labs in Zabol city, South East of Iran, during </span><span>April 2014 to August <span>2016</span></span><span>.</span><span> Fecal examination was performed by staining with Ziel-Neelsen acid-fast to find oocysts of the <span>parasite</span>. The children were grouped according to the age, gender, kind of water supplies, and diarrheic and non-diarrheic condition. Data <span>were</span> evaluated using SPSS version 13.0 software.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Among the children referred to the Central laboratory, 200 fecal samples from different age groups were collected. The prevalence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species was 9.7% which was higher in children under 4 years. There was a significant relationship between sources of water supply and diarrheic children infected with <em>Cryptosporidium</em> (P<0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Cryptosporidiosis is the most <span>infectious</span> disease in <span>Zabol</span> city, especially in children. Healthy water supply significantly affects the disease prevalence.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Effects of Breastfeeding and Sensorial Saturation on Physiological Parameters of Infants after Administration of Pentavalent Vaccine at Four and Six Months of Age: A Field Trial63656373929310.22038/ijp.2017.24960.2122ENZohreh KarimiAssistant Professor, Ph.D in Nursing, Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Narges Kazemi KaraniMaster of Nursing, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Ebrahim MomeniMaster of Nursing, Faculty member, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Ardashir AfrasiabifarAssociate Professor, Ph.D in Nursing, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.Journal Article20170720<span>vaccination pain management in infants may prevent short-term and long-term physical and mental consequences in them. As a result, this study aimed to determine and investigate the effect of breastfeeding and sensorial saturation on physiological parameters of infants after administration of pentavalent vaccine at four and six months of age.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span>This randomized controlled field trial was conducted on 171 four-month-old infants. The infants were randomized into three groups. The first group was breastfed for two minutes before vaccination (Breastfeeding group =55 infants). In the second group, the five senses of the infants were stimulated for two minutes before vaccination (Sensorial Saturation group =57 infants). The third group did not receive any intervention (Control group = 59 infants). In all groups, physiological parameters of the infants at four and six months of age were measured and recorded one minute after the vaccination. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 21.0 software.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>Results showed no significant difference was observed in demographic variables of research samples including gender and weight at four and six months of age,and statistically significant between groups difference in three physiological parameters (respiratory rate, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation) of the infants at four and six months of age (p=0.001). </span><span>Although sensorial saturation was more effective than breastfeeding, this difference was not statistically significant; whereas, these interventions were significantly more effective than the control.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span>Both breastfeeding and sensorial saturation practices resulted in the stability of physiological parameters of the infants after vaccination at four and six months of age; however, no significant within-group difference was observed after vaccination at four and six months of age in these two groups</span><span>and both methods had identical effects</span><span>.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Comparative Study on the Effect of Risperidone and its Combination with Naltrexone in Pediatric Patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Clinical Trial Study63756382940710.22038/ijp.2017.18557.1516ENFatemeh MoharreriPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Ebrahim AbdollahianPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Seyedeh Azam HosseiniPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Mansoureh MirzadehPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20160823<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a syndrome associated with persistent impairments in communication skills, social interactions, and so forth. Given the approval of risperidone and naltrexone by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ASD cases and extant controversy concerning their pertained side effects, this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial with 2-treatment, 2-sequence, 2-period design was intended to evaluate the behavioral effectiveness of individual risperidone and its combination with naltrexone in autistic children aged 4-12 years old. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>A total of30 autistic children were recruited in this study, and then equally assigned into groups A and B. The first group underwent co-treatment with risperidone and naltrexone, while group B was instructed to use placebo and risperidone for 8 weeks. After a washout period of two weeks, treatments were crossed over for another 8 weeks. The behavioral changes were assessed applying the childhood autism rating scale (CARS).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>There were five out of 30 cases at the risk of drop-out due to side effect in group A, while only three failed to complete the trial in group B. The effect size of the combined treatment was greater than the individual which was manifest in the total score of CARS, improved 4-week listening response, and 8-week general impressions. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>According to the results, naltrexone can be a promising candidate for the management of behavioral symptoms in autism children. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Clinical Pharmacology of Ampicillin in Neonates and Infants: Effects and Pharmacokinetics63836410952610.22038/ijp.2017.26942.2320ENGian Maria Pacificivia San Andrea 32, 56127 Pisa, Italy.Journal Article20171016Ampicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic, it penetrates into the bacterial wall better than penicillin G and is active against gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to penicillin G. Ampicillin has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is the most widely used antibiotic for treating infections caused by Listeria, β-lactamase-negative Haemophilus, enterococci, Shigella, streptococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningitis and many coliform organisms. Ampicillin is excreted unchanged in the urine. In neonates with a gestational and postnatal ages of ≤ 34 weeks and ≤ 7 days, respectively, the half-life, the clearance and the distribution volume of ampicillin are 5.0 hours, 0.055 l/h/kg, and 0.40 l/kg, respectively. The ampicillin half-life decreases and the clearance of ampicillin increases with the neonatal maturation whereas the distribution volume is not affected by the neonatal maturation. Ampicillin may be administered orally. Ampicillin penetrates into the cerebrospinal fluid, especially when the meninges are inflamed. The recommended dose of ampicillin is 50 mg/kg every 12 hours in the first week of life, every 8 hours in neonates 1-3 weeks old, and every 6 hours in neonates 4 or more weeks old. Bacteremia, caused by group B Streptococcus, is treated with 150 to 200 mg/kg/day ampicillin and meningitis is treated with 300 to 400 mg/kg/day ampicillin in divided doses. Some organisms are resistant to ampicillin and a combination of gentamicin and a third-generation cephalosporin is recommended. The aim of this study is to review the effects and pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in neonates and infants.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Evaluation of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Effects on Weight Gain in Underweight Children with Anorexia; A Randomized Clinical Trial64136419934710.22038/ijp.2017.25604.2179ENSeyed Alinaghi KazemiProfessor of Pediatric, Pediatric Department, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.Maedeh Khosravi YektaAssistant of Pediatric, Pediatric Department, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran.Ramazan FallahBiostatistics, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.Diana DiazAssistant Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Surgery Department, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.0000-0002-3391-6125Kambiz EftekhariAssistant Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Department, Bahrami Children’s Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-3471-2498Journal Article20170812<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Cyproheptadine hydrochloride is an antihistaminic drug. Appetite stimulation is one of its secondary effects that can be of advantage in some diseases. In this study we investigated the effect of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride on weight gain in underweight children with anorexia at age group 2 to10 years old.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>In this randomized clinical trial, we selected 2-10 year-old underweight children with anorexia who referred to <span style="font-size: medium;">Ayatollah </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan (Iran), </span>during 2015. One hundred and thirty-six children were allocated at random in two groups. The Cyproheptadine - treated children group were given the drug orally; 0.1 mg/kg/dose three times per day for 8 weeks, while patients in placebo group received placebo with the same dose. After two months, weight gain was compared with the previous values in both groups. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>In this study, 86 patients (63.2%) were female. The average increase in weight in the cyproheptadine - treated group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (1.08 ± 0.67 kg and 0.22 ± 0.46 kg, respectively) (p=0.005). The average increase height in the Cyproheptadine -treated group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (1.60 ± 0.97 cm, and 0.86 ± 0.85 cm, respectively) (p=0.005). According to the parents of both groups, anorexia in the Cyproheptadine -treated group improved in 100%, and in the placebo group in 52.7%. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.005). No any side effects of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride were observed.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>According to the finding of our study, there were no serious side effects of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride. Therefore considering the acceptable safety of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride for inducing growth in underweight children, we propose its administration with the aforementioned dose.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Effect of Education on Asthma Control in Children: A Quasi- Experimental Study64216429951810.22038/ijp.2017.26728.2302ENArash KalantariImam Khomeini Hospital Complexes, Vali e Asr Hospital, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Masoud MovahediDepartment of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mostafa MoinDepartment of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad GharagozlouDepartment of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Babak KhodadadiYoung researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.Seyyed-Mohsen HosseininejadMedical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.0000-0001-6640-2983Journal Article20171006Introduction: The prevalence of asthma has increased significantly in recent decades1 especially in lower socioeconomic groups and in minority populations. Because of the increasing prevalence of asthma among children in worldwide and Iran, the importance of timely control of the disease after its diagnosis and few studies on the effect of education on asthma control in Iran, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education on asthma control in children. <br />Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 104 Iranian children (6-14 years old) with asthma referred to asthma and allergy clinic of Children's Medical Center in Tehran were studied via convenience sampling method. Recruitment was occurred between 2011 to 2014. Subjects randomly were divided into two equal groups of intervention and control. For intervention group, common education as well as special education in format of booklet, pamphlets, CD and group training sessions were applied every two weeks within the first two months of follow up and every two months then after. While, the control group received usual care<br />Results: The means of FEV1/ FVC change, frequency of admission to the ED, hospitalization and absence from school and use of steroids were significantly different before and after education in the intervention group. While changes among measured parameters in the control group were not significantly different.<br />Conclusion: The results of this study showed that specific education has significant helpful effect on asthma attack control in children.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Validity of Spirometry for Diagnosis of Cough Variant Asthma64316438951310.22038/ijp.2017.26783.2308ENIman VafaeiResident of Pediatrics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Nemat BilanPediatric Pulmonologist, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Pediatrician, Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-1849-4462Masomeh GasemporFellowship of Pediatric Pulmonology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20171009 <br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a chronic or recurrent cough without wheezing accompanied by bronchial hyper-responsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of spirometry in the diagnosis of CVA, as well as determining the specificity and sensitivity of spirometry parameters in CVA.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This descriptive observational study was conducted from March 2015 to February 2016. The subjects were 73 patients 5 to 15 years of age who referred to the pulmonology clinics of Tabriz Pediatric Center, Tabriz city, Iran. The patients were divided into two groups of classic asthma (n=37), and CVA (n=36). Basic spirometry parameters such as FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75% were measured and the spirometry findings of each individual were measured based on European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria. After intervention (β2 (beta2) adrenergic receptor agonists as bronchodilator test), in two groups, spirometry was again performed. The FEV1/FVC and FEF 25-75% parameters were examined for intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 16.0). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cut-off points for the diagnosis of CVA and classic asthma were obtained using FEV1/FVC and FEF 25-75% spirometry. The cut-off point for FEV1/FVC for the diagnosis of CVA was calculated to be 80%. When the FEV1/FVC ratio was higher than 80%, diagnosis of CVA was possible with a specificity of 94.59%, and sensitivity of 66.67%. These findings suggest a specificity and sensitivity of 94.59%, and 66.67%, respectively, for the diagnosis of classic asthma (with an FEV1/FVC ratio of below 80%). Analysis showed a positive predictive value of 100% for CVA at FEF 25-75% with a negative predictive value of 55.4%.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Spirometry can be a sensitive method for the diagnosis of CVA at a FEF 25-75% below 65%; however, it lacks the specificity for accurate diagnosis of CVA.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Study of the Determinant Factors in Seizure Following Gastroenteritis in Children Admitted in Tabriz Children's Hospital during 2001 to 201664396446951210.22038/ijp.2017.26753.2305ENIman VafaeiPediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mohammadamin RezazadehsaatlouTuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.Babak AbdiniaTuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.0000-0002-4375-4991Mohamma KhaneshiMedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Reshad HasanpourMedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Farshad PanjeMedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Zakieh EbadiPediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20171008<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>One of the common side effects of gastroenteritis in children is seizure, which is one of the causes of fever, electrolyte disturbances, and meningitis. This study was aimed to investigate the determinant factors in seizure in children with gastroenteritis and seizure admitted in Tabriz Children's Hospital from 2001 to 2016.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>This is a descriptive study. The study population included all children admitted with diagnosis of gastroenteritis and seizure in Tabriz Children's Hospital during the years 2001 to 2016. The data of admitted patients including electrolyte disturbances, age, gender, blood-venous analysis, Blood urine nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine tests were extracted from hospital records by a resident and intern of this hospital using a questionnaire designed for this research.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>A total of 84 patients were included in the study. The patients included 44 males (52.4%) and 40 females (47.6%). The mean age of the patients was 9.31 ± 7.13 years. Forty-six (55.42%) patients suffered from electrolyte impairment, 24 of which (52.2%) were male and 22 (47.8%) were female; and hyponatremia was the most common disorder (24.10%). Accordingly, only BUN of has proven to be a strong predictor of the likelihood of seizure; also despite of non-significant p-value of PH, it had a potentially strong association with seizure.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results of this study, electrolyte impairment is fairly common in children with acute gastroenteritis. Education about the management of children with seizure to is an important factor in this regard.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Factors Associated with Adverse Outcome in Pediatric Febrile Neutropenia: Results from a Tertiary Care Hospital64476455952910.22038/ijp.2017.26484.2273ENSrujana GurlinkaJunior Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.Nalini BFormer Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.Pushpa KiniProfessor, Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.Shrikiran AroorProfessor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.Suneel MundkurAssociate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.Journal Article20170923<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Febrile neutropenia with childhood cancer alters the outcome significantly. To study the clinical and laboratory parameters, which predict the outcome among cancer patients with febrile neutropenia this study was undertaken.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The study included children less than 18 years with febrile neutropenia episodes. Clinical and hematological / laboratory parameters were recorded during each episode. Hemoglobin, total leucocyte count, platelet count, absolute neutrophil count, absolute monocyte count and serum C- reactive protein (CRP) levels at the onset of febrile neutropenia episode were analyzed as predictors of outcome of febrile neutropenia. The outcome was measured in terms of mortality, duration of fever and need for Intensive care unit (ICU) stay.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The study consisted of 88 episodes in 40 children with a median (IQR) age of 5.9 (3.79, 10) years. In 67.5% of Children's Leukaemia</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">was the underlying disease. Mean (±SD) hemoglobin concentration was 8.8 ± 1.71 g/dl. Profound neutropenia was seen in 32(36.5%) episodes. Most common infection was lower respiratory infection (30.7%). Absolute monocyte count < 100 cells/cu.mm was found to predict a duration of fever > 7 days (p=0.030).Thrombocytopenia (< 50,000) and CRP (>90 mg/L) were found to be significant predictors of mortality (p <br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Thrombocytopenia and elevated CRP are significant predictors of mortality and the need for prolonged ICU stay, whereas low hemoglobin level, leukopenia and low absolute neutrophil count (ANC) were not associated with of adverse outcome in febrile neutropenia episodes. </span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Role of Cranberry in Preventing Urinary Tract Infection in Children; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis64576468953110.22038/ijp.2017.27041.2327ENFariba RoshdibonabDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Seied Mohammadbager Mohammadbager FazlJooDepartment of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mohammadali TorbatiDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Ghadir MohammadiDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mahboob AsadlooDepartment of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Hamid NoshadChronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20171020Introduction: Although effectiveness of cranberry for preventing urinary tract infection (UTI) has been reported in Iranian traditional medicine and recent studies there is still controversy in this regard. Therefore, the present study was designed with a meta-analytic approach aiming to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis prescription of cranberry in prevention of UTI in children.<br />Methods: In this study, a thorough search was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Sciences, Scopus and CINHAL databases by the end of August 2017. Using keywords related to urinary tract infection combined with words related to cranberry, search strategy was designed. The articles were summarized and finally, the role of cranberry extract consumption in decreasing the incidence of UTI was evaluated by reporting odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). <br />Results: In the end, 10 studies were included (414 cases in control group and 380 in cranberry extract treatment group). Analyses showed that prescription of cranberry significantly reduced the odds of UTI manifestation in children compared to placebo (OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.46; pMashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Familial Mediterranean Fever: Review of Literature and Report of Two Cases64696484950110.22038/ijp.2017.26870.2316ENShama KhanObserver, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Golisano Children Hospital Upstate Medical University, Syracuse New York, USA.Manoochehr KarjooProfessor, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Golisano Children’s Hospital Upstate Medical University, Syracuse New York, USA.Sara KarjooAssistant Professor Pediatric Gastroenterology, John Hopkins University, St Petersburg Florida, USA.Journal Article20171013Familial Mediterranean fever, an autosomal recessive disorder, is a member of the periodic fever syndromes, and considered to be the most common cause of recurrent febrile episodes in children. It is important to understand the disorder as familial Mediterranean fever falls on a spectrum of various presentations; the recurrent episodes of familial Mediterranean fever may be so severe that the quality of life may be affected in such patients. Therefore, physicians should not delay the evaluation in such cases and promptly initiate treatment to not only improve quality of life but to also avoid complications, such as amyloidosis. This study reports two different cases of familial Mediterranean fever, with varying clinical presentations, and established diagnosis via genetic testing as well as cessation of symptoms with a trial of therapy. Furthermore, this study discusses the various manifestations of familial Mediterranean fever, laboratory findings, and current therapies available for management.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Assessment of Knowledge and Performance of the Parents at the Management of Fever in Children64856493951410.22038/ijp.2017.26876.2317ENBabak AbdiniaDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-4375-4991Mohammad Hassan Kargar Maher1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Hamid KhalilzadehPdiatric Health Resarch Center, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20171013<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">When a child’s body temperature rises, most parents become very worried that high fever may harm the child; in this study, knowledge and performance of the parents at the time of fever in children and how they act when encountering children’s fever were studied.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em> </em></strong>In this cross-sectional descriptive study, samples (300 parents of children under 10 years) were selected using the convenience sampling method among the children admitted to Children's Hospital of Tabriz, Iran, and these parents completed the research made questionnaire of parental knowledge and performance at the time of fever in children. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The most common complication of high fever from the parents’ views was febrile seizure in 141 cases (47%). The use of corticosteroids for the treatment of fever in this study was observed in 23 cases (7.7%), and 40.7% of mothers had received their information about fever and how to manage it in children from doctors and nurses. In this study 87 (29%) of mothers had used thermometer to check for the child’s fever. In total, 53% of mothers knew the correct definition of standard fever temperature. Results showed that 161 (53.7%) of mothers believed in feeding the child more fluids than usual, 21 (7%) believed in feeding the child less fluids than usual, and 118 (39.3%) believed in feeding the child the same amount of fluids as before. In total, 25.7% of mothers had used antibiotics to treat their child’s fever. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">"Fever phobia" continues to be common among parents. Parents have low level of awareness about children’s fever. Such low awareness and parents’ wrong perception of fever and their excessive fear and anxiety cause them fail to act properly.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Effectiveness of Snack-centered Nutrition Education on Promoting Knowledge, Attitude, and Nutritional Behaviors in Elementary Students64956502902410.22038/ijp.2017.24531.2067ENMohtasham GhaffariAssociate Professor of Health Education and Health Promotion, Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-1756-5297Hossein HatamiProfessor of Infectious Diseases, Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Sakineh RakhshanderouAssistant Professor of Health Education and Health Promotion, Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Heshmat KarimiMSc in Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran AND Health Care Center of Paveh, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20170624<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Unhealthy nutrition at early years of life causes some diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, and bone and joint diseases during adulthood. In other words, many of wrong health behaviors are rooted in childhood experiences. This study was conducted to examine effect of interventional programs on knowledge, attitude and nutritional behavior of students at 5<sup>th</sup> grade of elementary schools. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>This is an experimental study in which, 168 elementary female students (in Paveh city, Iran) were assigned randomly to two experimental (n=84) and control (n=84) groups. A valid questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Pretest was done in both groups. According to results obtained from pretest, educational intervention was implemented in 2 sessions holding health food festival and classes for intervention group. Each session continued for 30-45 minutes. Two months after intervention, questionnaires were redistributed among two experimental and control groups to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and performance of participants. The obtained data were analyzed through SPSS 16.0 software. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Results showed a significant increase between means of knowledge scores and attitude level of students toward snack in experimental and control groups (p=0.008). Also, compared with control group, there was a significant improve between mean scores of snack-related behaviors in experimental group after educational intervention (p=0.04). </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Since, this study confirmed effectiveness of snack-centered nutritional education on increasing knowledge, attitude, and nutritional behaviors of students, it is recommended to design and implement suitable interventional programs to improve nutritional awareness, attitudes, and behaviors of students.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Evaluation of Growth Status in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Case- Control Study65036514944110.22038/ijp.2017.26277.2247ENNoor Mohammad NooriChildren and Adolescent health research center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran.0000-0002-0732-6412Maryam Nakhaey MoghaddamChildren and Adolescent health research center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran.0000-0002-0080-862XAlireza TeimouriChildren and Adolescent health research center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran.0000-0002-8356-4260Tahereh BoryriPregnancy Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.0000-0001-7897-1884Sanaz HassanabadyMedical School, Zahedan University of medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran.Journal Article20170913<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background: </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are prone to malnutrition and growth retardation. This study aimed to compare growth status between children with CHD and healthy children. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>This case–control study included 310 children with CHD and 300 healthy children matched in age and gender. CHD patients grouped according to cardiac diagnosis: group 1 (n=5), cyanotic patients with pulmonary hypertension; group 2 (n=22), cyanotic patients without pulmonary hypertension; group 3 (n=43), Acyanotic patients with pulmonary hypertension; and group 4 (n=240), Acyanotic patients without pulmonary hypertension. Anthropometric measurements of weight (Kg), height (cm), and head circumference (cm) were measured and recorded</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">for both case and control groups. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using the by SPSS version 21.0. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Weight and head circumference were significantly lower in CHD children compared to healthy children (p<0.05). Weight, Height and Head circumference was significantly lower in cyanotic patients without pulmonary hypertension, and Acyanotic patients with pulmonary hypertension compared the CHD children (p<0.05). Weight in Acyanotic patients with pulmonary hypertension and Head circumference in cyanotic patients without pulmonary hypertension, and Acyanotic patients with pulmonary hypertension, was significantly lower compared to Acyanotic patients without pulmonary hypertension (p<0.05). CHD patients without operation ingested fewer weight, height and head circumference compared to CHD patients with operation (p<0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Children with CHD experience early, simultaneous decrease in growth trajectory across weight, length, and head circumference. The results suggest that early surgical intervention and nutritional support can be fruitful in prevention of these complications.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Prevalence of Nasal Carriage Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with mecA Gene among Healthy Primary School Boys in North of Iran; A Cross-Sectional Study65156525946010.22038/ijp.2017.26660.2294ENShaghayegh RezaiMSc of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran.Fatemeh Peyravii GhadikolaiiAssistant Professor, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran.Mohammad AhanjanAssociate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Reza ValadanAssistant Professor, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Fatemeh AhangarkaniPhD Student in Medical Mycology, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Mohammad Sadegh RezaiAssociate Professor, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.0000-0003-4585-9954Ali Asghar Nadi GharaPhD of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.Journal Article20171002Background: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus has a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection. In this study we aimed to investigate the occurrence of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA )and mecA gene among healthy primary school boys in north of Iran.<br />Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to July 2017 in Sari located in the north of Iran. Nasal swabs were taken from 277 healthy primary school boys. Staphylococcus aureus strains were identified according to the standard microbiological procedures and presence of spa gene. Agar screen method was used to determine MRSA. All MRSA isolates were examined for the existence of the mecA and spa gene by using Multiplex Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.<br />Results: The prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was 29.24%. The existence of the mecA gene among MRSA strains was 49.38%. The rate of resistant isolated to Cefoxitin, Vancomycin, Cefixime, Cefalotin, Clindamycin, ,Cefazolin, Co-amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and Cefalexin antibiotics were 48.14%, 39.50%, 98.76%, 96.29%, 54.32%, 91.35%, 97.53%, 95.06%, 7.40% and 100% respectively.<br />Conclusions: The high rate of Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and presence of mec A gene and resistance to critically antibiotics against MRSA is a therapeutic concern and needs to strategies to prevent community spread of S. aureus.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201A Fatal Case of Lithium Battery Ingestion in a 2-Month-Old Child: A Case Report65276528965010.22038/ijp.2017.27670.2392ENFaiza Safi1Department of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi LouatiDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi AbidDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Manel HsairiDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Mohamed Ali ZghalDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Lamia GargouriDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Abdelmajid MahfoudhDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Journal Article20171115Ingestion of batteries by children became more frequent in recent years, due to the increasing accessibility of electronic toys and devices to children. We report a fatal evolution of battery ingestion in a 2-month-old boy.<br />Lithium battery ingestion is a serious condition with high risk of life-threatening complications in childhood and it can be fatal especially in extreme age, under 6 months. Urgent endoscopic removal is the best treatment to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Glucose Oral Solution as A Pain-Relieving Agent In Infantile Colic: A Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial65296537965310.22038/ijp.2017.27284.2353ENIraj ShahramianAssociate Professor, Pediatric Ward, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.0000-0002-4134-1405Mandana MoradiAssociate Professor, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmacy School, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.Mahdi AfshariAssistant Professor of Epidemiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.0000-0002-3159-8741Mojtaba DelaramnasabClinical Research Development Unit, Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.Alireza SargaziZabol University of Medical SciencesMahvash EbrahimiStudent Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.Ali BaziClinical Research Development Unit, Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.Journal Article20171030<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Infantile colic (IC) is a common painful disorder within early months of life. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">There is no definitive therapeutics for IC. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In present study aimed to assess pain-relieving potential of glucose administration in infantile colic.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This was a double blinded randomized clinical trial performed during May 2015-June 2017 in pediatric ward of Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol city</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">, Iran. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Overall, 72 infants were randomly assigned </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">to either glucose or simethicone groups (36 infants per group). Treatments were continued for 28 days with either 25% or 30% glucose solution and 2.5 mg/kg simethicone. Outcomes were assessed at the end of the intervention (28 days). Statistical analysis was done in SPSS version 22.0.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Males and females constituted 20 (55.5%), and 16 (45.5%) in glucose administrated, and 23 (63.8%) and 13 (36.2%, P=0.4) in simethicone group respectively. The mean age (days) was 19.1±3.8 and 20.2±4.9 for glucose and simethicone administrated groups, respectively (P=0.2). </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The crying times per day significantly reduced in both groups (mean reduction in crying times of 3.7±2.1, and 6.3±2.1 hours in glucose and simethicone groups, respectively). Moreover, 25% and 44.4% of infants in glucose and simethicone groups achieved ≥ 50% reduction in crying time, respectively (P=0.06). According to the glucose dose, infants who received 30% glucose solution significantly revealed higher ratio of ≥ 50% reduction in crying time (47.3%) than those received 25% glucose solution in which no cases fulfilled this outcome (P<0.0001). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Glucose may be a useful candidate to be considered as a pain-relieving agent in infantile colic.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Pneumatocele in Postpneumonic Empyema in Children: A Case Report65396540964910.22038/ijp.2017.27673.2393ENManel HsairiDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi LouatiDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi AbidDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Faiza SafiDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Mohamed Ali ZghalDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Lamia GargouriDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Abdelmajid MahfoudhDepartment of Pediatric Emergency and Reanimation, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Journal Article20171115Pneumatocele is most often seen in children with bacterial pneumonia but also develops after blunt thoracic trauma, positive pressure ventilation, and caustic aspiration. We here describe a case of pulmonary pneumatocele in postpneumonic empyema in a child.<br />Generally pneumatocele need not an interventional treatment and an excellent prognosis can be given with only surveillance and antibiotic if it has indication.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Effect of the Use of Oxytocin in Labor on Neonatal Jaundice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis65416553946610.22038/ijp.2017.26526.2277ENRobabe SeyediDepartment of Midwifery, Students Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mojgan MirghafourvandAssociate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0001-8360-4309Shirin Osouli TabriziDepartment of Midwifery, Students Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170925<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Neonatal Jaundice is a common problem that occurs in most preterm and term neonates. This systematic review aimed to examine the evidence for the effects of oxytocin in labor on neonatal jaundice.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>In this systematic review study, English databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Persian databases including SID, Magiran, and Barakat Knowledge Network System Were searched from Jan 1980 to Dec 2017. Persian and English human clinical trials were targeted. The review was limited to human clinical trials examining the effect of oxytocin in labor on neonatal jaundice. The searched MESH vocabulary was "neonatal hyperbilirubinemia" OR "jaundice" in combination with "oxytocin in labor" OR "induction of labor". Two authors examined the articles separately and the disagreements were resolved through discussion. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Out of 583 articles searched in the databases, 440 title, 83 abstracts, and 60 full texts were reviewed, of which 5 English language articles entered the study and 4 articles entered the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that oxytocin did not affect the serum bilirubin level of the umbilical cord (Mean difference: 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-2.50 to 5.69; P=0.44; I<sup>2</sup>=78%). Furthermore, administering oxytocin in labor did not significantly affect serum bilirubin level on days 1 (-0.32; -1.36 to 0.71; P=0.54; I<sup>2</sup>=72%), and day 3 (3.75; -11.76 to 18.90; P=0.65; I<sup>2</sup>=63%), while it significantly affected serum bilirubin level on day 2 (-1.63; -2.81 to -0.45; P=0.007; I<sup>2</sup>=0%).</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The result of meta-analysis showed that the administration of oxytocin during labor does not affect serum bilirubin level on days 1 and 3, while induction of labor with oxytocin causes serum bilirubin to increase on the second postnatal day. However, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, better designed clinical trials are recommended to achieve better results.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Demographic Characteristics Associated with Vulnerability of Oral Diseases among Primary School Students in Southern of Iran65556562960410.22038/ijp.2017.27195.2339ENMehdi Mirzaei-AlavijehDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0003-3695-6971Razieh ZolghadrPh.D. Student of Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad FattahiAbadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.Farzad JalilianDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0002-8138-9526Journal Article20171026<br />Background: Oral diseases are one of the most common diseases in the world, and prevention of them is nowadays one of the health priorities. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic characteristics associated with vulnerability of oral diseases among primary school students in south of Iran.<br />Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in Shadegan city, the South of Iran, a total of 300 primary school students aged 7 to 12 years old, were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study in 2016. Data were gathered by interviewing among participants based on questionnaire. Questionnaire including the demographic characteristics and vulnerability of oral diseases scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.0 using Pearson correlation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA statistical tests at 95% significant level.<br />Results: Almost 30.6% of the volunteers reported had daily tooth brushing. The mean perceived vulnerability of respondents was 27.20 [95% CI: 26.67, 27.72], ranged from 7 to 35. There was a significant correlation between perceived vulnerability with participant's mother education level, mother age, father age, and daily tooth brushing (P0.05).<br />Conclusion: Our findings indicated, mothers education levels had significant role on increasing vulnerability of oral diseases among primary school students, and may be usefulness of the results in order to promotion of oral health care behaviors among chillers.<br />Keywords: Behavior Change, Children’s, Health Education, School Health.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Efficacy of Neuromodulation in Fecal Incontinence in Children; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis65636577966510.22038/ijp.2017.27713.2397ENArash SarveazadColorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Asrin BabahajianLiver and Digestive Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Abazar YariDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.Jebreil ShamseddinMolecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran AND Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Mahmoud YousefifardPhysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5181-4985Journal Article20171118Background: The results of existing studies regarding the use of neuromodulation in fecal incontinence (FI) are contradictory and therefore, a definitive conclusion cannot be made in this regard. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of neuromodulation in controlling FI in children through a systematic review.<br />Methods: A decision was made to perform the search in electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus until end of October 2017. In the second step, the abstracts of the extracted studies were evaluated by 2 researchers independently and recorded in the data extraction form. Finally, All studies were summarized and categorized based on the evaluated outcomes and overall effect size was presented. <br />Results: 5 studies were included in the present meta-analysis (including 115 children and adolescent. Pooled analysis also showed that the odds of improvement in the group under treatment with nerve stimulation was up to 20 times higher (OR=20.29; 95% CI: 8.67 to 47.45; pMashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Effect of Chicory Extract Bath on Neonatal Bilirubin Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial study66796688934110.22038/ijp.2017.26069.2226ENLeila Mohammadi PirkashaniNursing Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Gholamreza AsghariDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Maryam MarofiDepartment of Pediatrics Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Behzad BarekatainNeonatologist, Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Journal Article20170903Objective: Jaundice is a common problem in infants, particularly premature infants (60-80%). The most common treatment of neonatal jaundice is phototherapy; however, traditional and complementary medicine is preferred due to complications of phototherapy in newborns. This study evaluates the effect of Chicory extract bath on bilirubin levels of infants with jaundice hospitalized in educational hospitals in Isfahan, Iran.<br />Methods: This study was a double blind randomized clinical trial in which participants included 64 mature infants with neonatal jaundice admitted to the selected hospitals of Isfahan. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups receiving phototherapy (n=32), and phototherapy with bath with 500 cc of chicory extract prepared by hydroalcoholic method and made in Iran (n=32). The infants were bathed by trained nurse with chicory extract before phototherapy as well as 24 and 48 hours after phototherapy; then, the infants received phototherapy. During treatment, serum bilirubin was measured and recorded every 24 hours continuously. Control infants only received phototherapy; during treatment, serum bilirubin was measured and recorded every 24 hours.<br />Results: The results showed no significant difference in mean bilirubin levels between the two groups on admission (P=0.37), while mean bilirubin level of phototherapy infants was significantly higher than that of infants receiving phototherapy and chicory extract bath in 24 hours after (P=0.014), and 48 hours after intervention (P=0.011).<br />Conclusion: The results showed that chicory extract bath with phototherapy can be effective in reducing neonatal jaundice. <br />Keywords: Bilirubin, Chicory extract, Infants, Jaundice, Phototherapy.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Evaluation of Intralesional Glucantime and Cryotherapy plus Intralesional Glucantime Therapeutic Efficacy on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial66896697899310.22038/ijp.2017.24545.2069ENAbedin SaghafipourDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Ehssan MozaffariDepartment of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Fatemeh RezaeiDepartment of Social Medicine, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.0000-0003-2977-2699Journal Article20170625<strong><em><span>Background: </span></em></strong><span>Currently, Glucantime is considered the first-line treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. This study aimed <span>to evaluation of</span> intralesional Glucantime (IG) and Cryotherapy (Cryo) plus intralesional Glucantime (Cryo and IG) therapeutic efficacy on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Qom province, Iran.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><span>In this randomized controlled trial of 197 CL patients reported from Qom health centers, Iran during (2014-2017), 112 cases were entered to this study. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health therapeutic guide line of CL, 54 cases with 116 lesions received IG weekly, and 58 patients with 115 lesions received the IG once a week coupled with Cryo using liquid nitrogen once every two weeks. The average volume of injected solution per lesion was 0.2 ml to 0.5 ml into the border of the healthy skin and the onset of erythema in the lesions using insulin syringe needles. In second therapeutic method; cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen was performed by dipstick technique. At first, the lesion size and induration of lesions were recorded. After 7 and 12 weeks of treatment, lesions healing rate was monitored. Healing was defined as complete re-epithelialization and disappearance of induration. </span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results: </span></em></strong><span>Out of 112 CL patients, 54 cases with 116 lesions received IG, and 58 patients with 115 lesions received Cryo and IG. At 7th week after the initiation of treatment, complete healing was observed in 56 out of 116 lesions (48.1%) in the group which received weekly IG and 83 out of 115 lesions (72.2%) in the group which received biweekly Cryo plus IG. At 12th week after the treatment, the cure rate was 91% and 100% in group which received weekly IG and group which received IG once a week coupled with cryotherapy (p=0.001).</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion: </span></em></strong><span>Based on the findings, IG once a week coupled with cryotherapy was more effective compared with weekly IG and reduced the period of treatment.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis; A Rare Iranian Case Report66996702962710.22038/ijp.2017.27348.2358ENSeyyed-Mohsen HosseininejadMedical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran0000-0001-6640-2983Fateme-Sadat HosseininejadStudent Research Committee, Shahrood University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, IranAmirhossein SalimiKordasiabiMedical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IranFateme-Sadat TabatabaeiPediatric Resident, Golestan Pediatric and neonatal research center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran0000-0002-4698-0206Firouzeh DerakhshanpourChild and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Assistant, Professor of Psychiatry, Golestan Resaerch Center of Psychiatry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IranBehnaz BazrafshanMedical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IranMostafa MoinImmunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20171101<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic clinical syndrome, characterized by immune-mediated demyelination of central nervous system neurons, which yield extensive damage in the brain and spinal cord.It usually affects children and young adults following infections or immunization. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Here we describe a 9- year-old Fars female presented with acute onset of psychotic disorder, one week after an upper respiratory infection. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain were consistent with the diagnosis of the acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). ADEM is one of the differential diagnoses to be considered when an acute psychotic disorder arises during childhood especially as post vaccination or infection.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Gender and Risk of Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis67036712960310.22038/ijp.2017.27473.2368ENShahab RezaeianResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0002-5094-5315Salman KhazaeiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.0000-0001-5918-2310Elham HooshmandDepartment of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.Nader EsmailnasabSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20171107<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Although numerous observational studies have investigated the association between gender and risk of congenital hypothyroidism, the role of gender as a risk factor for congenital hypothyroidism remains unknown.Thismeta-analysis was conducted to summarize the epidemiologic evidence of the effect of gender on the congenital hypothyroidism occurrence, and also to identify the sex ratio for congenital hypothyroidism.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>A comprehensive literature search of numerous electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Science Direct was performed until February 1st, 2017. All studies designed case-control (six studies with 3,254 subjects) and cross-sectional studies (eight studies with 8,258,745 subjects) addressing the association by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were included. Moreover, eleven cross-sectional studies were also included providing a sex ratio for congenital hypothyroidism. Pooled <span style="font-size: medium;">Mantel-</span><span style="font-size: medium;">Haenszel</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">OR</span> (MH OR) with 95% CI <span style="font-size: medium;">was</span> estimated using the random-effects method.<br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The overall summary results showed that girl gender is associated with an increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (pooled MH OR=1.46; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.95). The pooled MH OR for case-control studies was 1.69 (95%CI: 1.35, 2.13), whereas the pooled MH OR for cross-sectional studies was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.59). In addition, pooled female to male sex ratio of congenital hypothyroidism incidence was 1.35 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.83). </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The results of this meta-analysis provide evidence for a higher risk in girl gender for developing congenital hypothyroidism. More epidemiological and clinical studies are needed to explore why girl gender is at increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism compared with boy.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Behavioral Problems in Iranian Epileptic Children; A Case Control Study67136719939610.22038/ijp.2017.26377.2260ENMaryam AludariDepartment of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Hossein Delavar KasmaeiDepartment of Neurology, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Shahram AboutalebiDepartment of Neurology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.Faezeh DehghanNeuroscience Department, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine Science, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.Nasrin RahmanpourDepartment of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170917<strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Epilepsy is among the most common neurological disorders in childhood, prevalence of which is increasing. Unpredictable and chronic nature of the disease affects physical, social and mental functions of the children and their family. This study was aimed to compare behavioral problems in epileptic children group versus healthy control group. </span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This study is a case-control one conducted from January 2013 to June 2016 in Tehran, Iran. The epileptic children in age of 7-10 years old that were diagnosed by neurologist referred to the researcher for further process. Their parents were provided with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to be completed. For matching by age and gender, the healthy group was sampled after the epilepsy group. Multivariate Analysis of Variance was used for statistical analysis.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study 94 children with epilepsy and 83 healthy children in age of 7-10 years old were studied. The results indicated that there were significantly higher behavioral problems in the children with epilepsy than in control group in nine categories of seclusiveness, physical complaints, anxiety and depression, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behaviors, aggressive behaviors, and other problems. Comparison of two generalized and partial epilepsy groups indicated that there was a significant difference only in attention problems (p = 0.024).</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The present study indicates that the children with epilepsy have more behavioral problems as compared to control group. Therefore, educational and psychological interventions are necessary for supporting desirable psychosocial growth and development of such children.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201A Study of Health Literacy Components and their Relationships with Health-Promoting Behaviors in Students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences67216729952810.22038/ijp.2017.26823.2313ENMarziyeh KaboudiDepartment of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Neda KianipourStudents Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Arash ZiapourResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.orcid.org/0000-0001-Fateme DehghanDepartment of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20171010<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Health literacy is the capacity of individuals to acquire process and understand information and basic health services needed for proper health decision-making. Medical students, as health promoters and professional care providers, play a key role in promoting health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the components of health literacy and their relationships with health-promoting behaviors in students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2017.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this descriptive, analytical and correlational study, the statistical population consisted of all students at four faculties of Nursing and Midwifery, Health, Paramedics and Medicine in 2017. Then, the sample size was determined using the Cochran's sample size formula (n=420), and cluster random sampling was the sampling method. For data collection, a researcher-made demographic questionnaire, the health literacy questionnaire (1) the standard questionnaire of health-promoting lifestyle profile II were utilized. Furthermore, for data analysis, the descriptive (frequency distribution, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) were employed in the SPSS Statistics Software Version 23.0.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The results of the present study demonstrated that the means of students’ health literacy and health-promoting behaviors measured 4.04±0.43 out of a score of 5and 2.68±0.43 out of a score of 4, respectively. Also, the results indicated that the health literacy significantly and positively correlated with students’ health-promoting behaviors (p<br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Given the results of the present study, it is recommended that some planning be done towards training and developing the health-promoting behaviors in students and more attention be paid to health literacy in health promotion programs.</span></span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Intergenerational Learning Program: A Bridge between Generations67316739985110.22038/ijp.2017.28072.2430ENSeyedeh Zahra Aemmi1PhD Candidate in Nursing, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Hossein Karimi MoonaghiAssociate Professor, Evidence- Based Caring Research Center, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery and Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20171201One of the goals of education can be considered the transfer of knowledge, skills, competencies, wisdom, norms and values between generations. Intergenerational learning program provide this goal and opportunities for lifelong learning and sharing knowledge and experience between generations. This review aimed to investigate the benefits of this program for the children and older adult and its application in health care systems. <br />An extensive literature search was conducted in some online databases such as Magiran, SID, Scopus, EMBASE, and Medline via PubMed until July 2016 and Persian and English language publications studied that met inclusion criteria. The review concluded that this program can be provided wonderful resources for the social and emotional growth of the children and older adults and can be used for caring, education and follow-up in health care systems especially by nurses. Also, this review highlighted the need for research about this form of learning in Iran.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201The Effect of Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Management of Overactive Bladder in the Pediatric Population; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis67416755988810.22038/ijp.2017.28061.2428ENFariba RoshdibonabDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Seied Mohammadbager FazlJooDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mohammadali TorbatiDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Ghadir MohammadiDepartment of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Mahboob AsadlooDepartment of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Hamid NoshadChronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20171201Background: In traditional medicine and recent years, nerve stimulation has been introduced as a replacement therapy for managing several disorders such as overactive bladder. However, there is still controversy in this regard. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation in treatment of overactive bladder.<br />Methods: The present systematic review and meta-analysis attempted to gather the evidence existing in Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences and CINHAL databases until the end of October 2017. Summarization of the articles was done by 2 independent researchers and finally, pooled effect size was reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) or overall odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In all analyses pMashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Causes of Maternal Mortality in Iran: A Systematic Review67575770957910.22038/ijp.2017.26983.2325ENSakineh DadipoorPhD Student Of Health Education And Health Promotion, Fertility and Infertility Research Centre, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Mitra MehrabanGynecologist, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.Arash ZiapourResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.orcid.org/0000-0001-Ali Safari-MoradabadiPh.D. Student, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20171017<span style="font-size: small;"><strong><em>Background</em></strong> </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;">Maternal death is a key qualitative reliable index of a nation’s economic development. The present research aims to investigate causes of maternal mortality in Iran. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;">A systematic review of the following databases led us to find the target articles: Medline (via PubMed), Science Direct, CINAHL, CINAHL (EBSCO), Scopus, Web of Science, SID, ISC, Magiran, and Google Scholar. The key terms searched for were: pregnancy, childbirth, mother’s mortality, pregnancy side effects, Iran. The search was done in two languages, English and Persian. The operators used were AND, NOT, OR which led us to find related articles. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><strong><em>Results</em></strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;">A review of the 19 articles indicated that the main direct causes of mortality were respectively bleeding, eclampsia, sepsis and embolism. Among the indirect causes of mortality, background diseases ranked first and heart diseases ranked next. Overall, the foremost rate of mortality was induced by direct causes. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;">According to the present findings, a number of suggestions are made to help to significantly reduce the rate of pregnant women’s mortality in Iran: recognition of mothers at risk by the healthcare staff, preventive measures such as educating efficient and experienced forces, more equipment and facilities including blood products, monitoring care provision during pregnancy, during and after the childbirth, development of local healthcare centers and educating more midwives especially in rural areas, improvement of nursing hospitals in counties and timely referral of mothers to specialized centers.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Immediate and Short-term Follow-Up of Aortic Coarctation Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting67716777816410.22038/ijp.2017.19334.1724ENHasan Mottaghi MoghadamAssociate Professor, Pediatric Dep. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000000239792151Behzad AlizadehAssistant Professor, Pediatric Dep. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0003-3249-3033Nazanin HazratiM.D, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20161211<strong><em><span>Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Aortic Coarcatation (CoA) is one of the congenital heart diseases with the rate of 5-8% of Coronary heart diseases</span><span>(CHDs). Balloon angioplasty is now one of the effective way of treatment for CoA, native or Re-coarctation (Re-CoA). We aimed to assess the immediate, and short term response to angioplasty and stenting, and also complications.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Balloon angioplasty with our without stenting was performed for 53 patients with native or Re-coarcatation angioplasty (39 balloon angioplasty alone, and 14 balloon and stenting). Pressure gradient across the CoA segment was measured initially by Echo and pre, and Post procedure. Echocardiography was also used for follow up assessment during 24 hours, one and 6 months afterward.</span><br /> <strong><em><span>Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span>Among 53 patients, 52.8% were male. There were 98.2% native and 3.8% Re-CoA. The mean age of patients was 8.65 ± 8.37 years, and the mean weight was 25.82±20.73 kg. The mean pressure gradient across</span><span>the CoA site<span> before angioplasty was 24.88±12.32, and post procedure gradient was 4.77±6.42 (p<0.001). One of the patients experienced aneurysm formation at CoA segment site post balloon angioplasty.</span></span><br /> <strong><em><span>Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span>On the basis of these data balloon angioplasty is safe, and effective in the treatment of native or Re-CoA. These results suggest that CoA angioplasty could be<span> </span>an effective alternative to a surgical approach, and gives good immediate results, although follow up studies are necessary to evaluate complications, and the long term effect on blood pressure in comparison to surgical approach. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-504751220171201Human Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells from Children or Adults?67796780992910.22038/ijp.2017.28237.2444ENArash SarveazadColorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Asrin BabahajianLiver and Digestive Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Mahmoud YousefifardPhysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5181-4985Journal Article20171207Discovering a cell type with the highest efficiency and the least side-effects is one of the priorities of scientists active in this field. Of all the cells, mesenchymal stem cells have been and still are of interest to the researchers for use in pre-clinical and clinical studies due to being easily accessible, pluripotency, secretion of numerous growth factors, low risk of immunological rejection, and not having ethical issues for clinical use. Of all mesenchymal cells, human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (hADSCs) are more safely and easily accessible, produce more growth factors compared to other mesenchymal stem cells, have the ability to differentiate to various cell lines, secrete high levels of angiogenic factor and their feasibility, safety and efficacy have been confirmed. Therefore, in the last decade, it has received more attention from researchers, compared to other cell sources. Since distribution and function of adipose tissue is versatile and changes at any age during the lifetime, it is expected that at different ages, hADSCs also show different functions and abilities. Therefore, it is hypothesized that autologous implantation is not necessarily always the best choice. Autologous transplantation of hADSCs is only the best choice in ages that these cells have the optimum efficacy. If it is determined in what age these cells have the highest efficacy, choosing the type of implantation will be an important factor in achieving the best response to treatment.