Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Abdominal Splenosis: An Unusual Cause of Bowel Obstruction in a 7-Year-Old Child756975731053710.22038/ijp.2018.30404.2673ENMohamed ZouariDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi LouatiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Senda HouidiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Mahdi Ben DhaouDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Mohamed JallouliDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Riadh MhiriDepartment of Pediatric Surgery. Hedi Chaker Hospital. 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Journal Article20180307Splenosis is a rare condition defined as a heterotopic auto-transplantation of splenic tissue, typically after blunt abdominal trauma. It can occur anywhere in the abdominal cavity, or even the chest. Splenosis found in clinical practice is relatively rare because most patients are asymptomatic. We report a rare case of abdominal splenosis in a 7-year-old boy, 3 years after an abdominal blunt trauma.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Effect of Active and Passive Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Lipid Profile of Children and Adolescents; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis757575881051310.22038/ijp.2018.30569.2681ENMahshid AryanpurTobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mahmoud YousefifardPhysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5181-4985Mostafa HosseiniDepartment of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-7932-0047Alireza OraiiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Gholamreza HeydariTobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Mehdi Kazempour-DizajiMycobacteriology Research Center, Biostatistics unit, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Hooman SharifiTobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Zahra HessamiTobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Maryam HassanzadPediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20180314<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Background</em></strong>: The present systematic review and meta-analysis is designed in order to assess the association between passive and active smoking and lipid profile of children and adolescents.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: An extensive search was done in databases of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL until October 2017. Two independent researchers screened articles and in the next step, full texts of probably relevant articles were read and summarized. At the end, results of mentioned studies were pooled and a standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was reported.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Results</em></strong><strong>: </strong>Data from 17 studies (containing 41619 children and adolescents; age group between 4 and 18 years old; 51.72% boys) were entered. Comparing serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in two groups of exposed and non-exposed to cigarette smoking showed that active exposure (SMD= -0.40, 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.21) and passive exposure to cigarette smoke (SMD= -0.18, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.06) decreases the serum level of mentioned lipoprotein. Additionally, active exposure to cigarette smoke (SMD=0.16, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27) causes a modest increase in serum level of triglyceride. However, cigarette smoke exposure does not have any effect on the level of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL).</span><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><strong>: </strong>The present meta-analysis showed that exposure to cigarette smoke leads to a significant decrease in the level of HDL and triglyceride but, it does not have any effect of the level of total cholesterol and LDL in children and adolescents.</span> </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501The Relationship between Non-Renal Diseases and Renal Parenchymal Echogenicity in Children with Acute Abdominal Pain75897593966910.22038/ijp.2017.27400.2361ENMehdi MaghsoudiDepartment of Pediatric Radiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Mohammad Reza Esmaeili-dookiNon-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Mohaddeseh MirzapourDepartment of Pediatric Radiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Ali BijaniNon-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Amirkola Children Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Rahele MehraeenDepartment of Pediatric Radiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Journal Article20171104<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Few results have shown that renal parenchymal echogenicity increases in pediatric patients with no concurrent renal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relation between non-renal diseases and renal cortical echogenicity in children with acute abdominal pain.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em> </em></strong>This cross- sectional study was conducted among 100 children referred to Amirkola Children’s Hospital (Babol city, Iran) with complain of acute abdominal pain during July 2015-July 2016. Patients with a known history of renal disease or urinary tract infections were excluded. All patients were examined with sonography. The parenchymal echogenicity of kidney was evaluated by comparison with that of liver and was divided into three categories: group 1, <span style="font-size: medium;">renal cortex echogenicity less than liver parenchyma echogenicity; group 2, renal cortex echogenicity similar to that of liver parenchyma; and group 3, renal cortex echogenicity greater than that of liver parenchyma. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Of 93 children finally assessed, 52 (55.9%) were boy; the mean age of patients was 6.45 years old. The diagnosed causes of abdominal pain included acute appendicitis (n=43, 46.2%), mesenteric adenitis (n=8, 8.6%), gastroenteritis (n=4, 4.3%), and invagination (n=2, 2.2%). Eighteen cases (19.4%) had abnormal renal echogenicity (equal to or more than that of liver). A significant relationship was found between non-renal diseases and renal cortical hyperechogenicity (p=0.03). After follow-up of 12 patients with renal hyperechogenicity for 1-2 weeks, all of them had normal findings in re-evaluation.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The results showed that renal hyperechogenicity is a non-specific and transient finding in children with acute abdominal pain and in favor of disorders other than renal diseases.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Brain MRI Findings of Complicated Meningitis in Children: A Cross Sectional Study from Central Iraq759576031053610.22038/ijp.2018.30179.2655ENMuna AG. ZghairAssitant Professor, Section of Radiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.Qays A. HassanAssitant Professor, Section of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.Hayder Y. MohammedRadiologist Specialist, Department of Radiology, Al-Yarmook Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.Journal Article20180227<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Meningitis is a common neurological emergency and a leading cause of death and neurological disability worldwide. MRI is extremely useful for detecting and monitoring the complications of meningitis. The purpose of this study was to describe the brain MRI findings in children with complicated meningitis.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em> </em></strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted in Radiology Department at the Central Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between the period of October 2015 and August 2017. A total of 40 children who were known cases of meningitis that not respond to the conventional treatment and examined with MRI were included in this study. MRI protocols were achieved with Variable Echo Multiplanar sequences and all the images were interpreted by two qualified radiologists for any intracranial findings.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean age of patients was 3.3±3.2 years; 35% of them were infant age group. Females were more than males with a female to male ratio as 1.2:1. About half of children were diagnosed by MRI with necrosis, 30% of them with hydrocephalus, 15% of them with abscess and 7.5% of them with subdural effusion. The hydrocephalus was found among children with lower mean age and abscess was found among children with higher mean age children. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The main MRI findings of children with complicated meningitis were necrosis, hydrocephalus, abscess and subdural effusion. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501The Effect of Mucoadhesive Gel Containing Satureja Hortensis Extract 1% on Severity of Chemotherapy-induced Mucositis Pain in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial76057614945110.22038/ijp.2017.25259.2143ENMohammad Arshadi BostanabadAssistant Professor, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-7067-8234Amirataollah HiradfarAssistant Professor of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Asghar MohammadpooraslAssistant Professor, Department of Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Yousef JavadzadehProfessor of Pharmaceutics, Department Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Bagher KhalvatiMSc in Computer Science, IT Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Tahereh AlvandnezhadMSc in Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20170727<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>One of the symptoms of mucositis caused by chemotherapy is pain. Mucositis management is initiated by assessment of oral hygiene and management of pain. Many uses have been mentioned for Satureja hortensis in traditional medicine. The study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of Satureja hortensis extract mucoadhesive gel of 1% on severity of mucositis-induced pain in children under chemotherapy.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This randomized parallel double-blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 children who were affected by mucositis following chemotherapy in 2016. The samples were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group applied Satureja hortensis extract gel of 1% and the control group applied the placebo gel twice daily for 5 days after the onset of mucositis along with routine treatment. Oral mucosa was evaluated daily. Also, the Oucher pain tools and a demographic checklist were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 software.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>The obtained data showed that the two groups had statistical difference in terms of the severity of the pain relief during the time, and pain severity reduced from 3.5±2.1 to 0.0 ± 0.0 in intervention group and 3.1 ± 1.8 to 0.4 ± 1.0 in control group in fifth day (p <0.001).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The study showed that the extract 1% of Satureja hortensis is effective in healing mucositis induced pain and can be used as a new treatment method in relieving reducing mucositis pain. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Prevalence and Pathological Features of Cryptorchidism among Iranian Children in Yazd Province, Central Iran761576211043710.22038/ijp.2018.29435.2576ENَAbdolhamid AmooeiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.Saeid KargarDepartment of Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medial Sciences, Yazd, Iran.Journal Article20180126<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cryptorchidism is defined the failure of one testis or both testes to permanently descend. It is considered as the most common congenital abnormalities. The risk of testicular cancer in men with a history of cryptorchidism increased from three fold to four fold, compared to those without history of cryptorchidism. We aimed to investigate prevalence and pathological features of cryptorchidism among Iranian Children in Central Iran.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this analytical descriptive study, 61 boys with a diagnosis of cryptorchidism who referred to training hospitals of Yazd city, Yazd province (Central Iran) from January 2016 to January 2017, were enrolled. Information including demographic data was extracted from medical records. Data including <em>testicular properties</em>and localization of undescended testes were evaluated by surgeon. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 19.0. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Prevalence of disease in full term infants and premature were 3.27% and 29.5%, respectively. The most number of boys with cryptorchidism (22 cases) refereed to hospitals were in range of 12-24 months; 17 patients (27.86%) had history of family, and <em>palpable testicles and non-palpable testicles were observed in 53 patients<strong> (</strong>84.1</em>%<em><strong>)</strong></em><em>,and 10 (15.87</em>%<em>), respectively (P<0.05).</em> <em>Furthermore, 30, 21 and 10 cases had right testicle, left and </em>bilateral testicle, respectivelyand significant difference was observed between these groups in terms of side of cryptorchidism (P<0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The prevalence of cryptorchidism was relatively high in our province. It seems that geographical, environmental, and genetic variations play a main role in the birth prevalence of these anomalies</span>.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> In addition, the epididymal anomalies were observed in less than half of patients.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501The Correlation of Ferritin and Leptin Serum Levels with Cardiac Involvement in Thalassemia Patients Compared to Controls762376381054810.22038/ijp.2018.29137.2544ENNoor Mohammad NooriChildren and Adolescent Health Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.0000-0002-0732-6412Amer YazdanparastAssistant Perofessor of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.0000-0001-7152-263XAlireza TeimouriChildren and Adolescent Health Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.0000-0002-8356-4260Journal Article20180115 <br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Background</em></strong> </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Regarding abnormalities in thalassemia major (TM) patients and the effects of leptin and ferritin on heart, aimed to investigate the possible relationship between leptin, ferritin and cardiac involvement in TM patients compared to controls.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">In total 141 individuals entered to the present case-control study that consisted of 66 TM patients matched in age and sex with 75 healthy controls. The case group selected from those patients attending to the clinic of Ali Asghar Hospital, Zahedan-Iran. From participants, 5ml blood takes by a nurse and was isolated from serum samples in order to analyze ferritin and leptin levels. Major proceedings in patients were checking medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray and Electrocardiogram (ECG) that performed before echocardiography by unique cardiologist. The participants subjected to conventional examination for both right and left heart functions. </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Results</em></strong></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Leptin level (p=0.026), height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were lower in patients (p<0.001). Ferritin levels were 4,625.515±3,782.618 and 49.387±25.386ng/ml in patients and controls, respectively (p<0.001). Serum Leptin and ferritin levels were similar in different age groups of patients (p>0.05). In left heart, LAd was higher in case (2.44± 0.42) significantly (p<0.001). QT (p<0.001), QTc (p<0.001), S in V<sub>1</sub> (p=0.030), and Heart rate (P<0.001) were higher in TM patient. In patients, QTc (p=0.009), and QTcd (p=0.002) correlated with leptin, and IVSS (p=0.013), PWD (p=0.048), and in right heart, peak E (p=0.002), and peak A (p=0.034) were correlated with ferritin. </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">From the present study concluded that PWD and IVSS in left heart and Peak A and Peak E in right heart correlated with ferritin. QTc and QTcd correlated with leptin.</span> </span><br /> <br /> Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Management of Perinatal Testicular Torsion: A Single Centre Experience763976401054710.22038/ijp.2018.29750.2617ENMohamed ZouariDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Hamdi LouatiDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Mahdi Ben DhaouDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Imen AbidDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Riadh MhiriDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 30219 Sfax, Tunisia.Journal Article20180209Perinatal testicular torsion (PTT) is a rare entity. The management of PTT is controversial, due to the low viability of the testis and the possibility of bilateral torsion. This is a review of our experience with six cases of PTT, highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this condition.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Study of Causes of Neonatal Mortality and its Related Factors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran during (2014-2016)764176491004010.22038/ijp.2017.28212.2441ENHoma BabaeiImam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.0000-0003-0703-8178Mohana DehghanImam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.Leila Mohammadi PirkashaniKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.1111-2222-3333-4444Journal Article20171205<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neonatal mortality rate is one of the main indicators of health care systems in each country. The first step in improving the level of these indicators is to identify the causes of neonatal dead and its related factors. In this study, the causes of neonatal mortality and its related factors in neonatal intensive care unit at Imam Reza hospital were investigated. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from 2014 to 2016, on all neonates who died in neonatal intensive care unit of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah city, Iran. Information about the infant, mother and the causes of mortality of the infant were collected from hospital records of neonatal care unit and families and physician of infants. Then data was recorded in the data collection form and analyzed using SPSS version18.0 software. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study, 566 newborns (19.2%) died of 2,946 hospitalized infants. The most common causes of death was respiratory distress syndrome 190 (33.6%), and sepsis 128 (22.6%); 95.5% of neonatal deaths occurred at gestational age below 37 weeks, and 81.6% in birth weight less than 2,500gr. Also, 452 cases (79.9%) had deaths during the first week after birth, and the highest deaths 274 (48.8%) were in the night shift (P<0.001).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results of this study, the most common causes of neonatal death were prematurity (gestational age below 37 weeks), respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. Most dead neonates have a weight below 2,500 grams. The highest death rate occurred in the first week of birth and in the night shift. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Prevalence of Adenovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis/ Diarrhea in Warri, Delta State, Southern, Nigeria755176521055510.22038/ijp.2018.30542.2679ENWilliam-Johnson BolatitoEpidemiologist, Global Hepatitis Initiative Nigeria (GHIN), Nigeria.Favour OsazuwaImmunology and Virology Lead, Laboratory Services, Lily Hospitals Limited, Warri, Nigeria.Journal Article20180312The prevalence of Adenovirus was determined among children with gastroenteritis/ diarrhea in Warri, Southern, Nigeria. Adenovirus was detected using a lateral flow immunochromatographic test kit (Gastro Vir-Strip, Coris Bioconcept, Belgium). The prevalence of Adenovirus was 11 (14.7%) and there were no association with age and gender of subjects. There is need for routine screening of Adenovirus among children with gastroenteritis/diarrhea irrespective of age or gender.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501A Comparison between the Effectiveness of Game Therapy and Emotional Intelligence Training on Social Compatibility and Communicative Skills of Exceptional Primary School Hyperactive and Deaf Children765376661020010.22038/ijp.2017.27514.2374ENSahebeh BarimaniPh.D Student, Department of Psychology, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.Javanshir AsadiAssistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.Afsaneh KhajevandPh.D Student, Department of Psychology, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.Journal Article20171110<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In order to enhance social adaptability and communication skills of exceptional children, researchers are trying to find a more effective and reliable approach. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Game Therapy and Emotional Intelligence Education on the social compatibility and communicative skills of hyperactive and deaf children.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The population of this study included all the deaf and hyperactive students of the exceptional elementary school in Sari, Iran, in the school months of June to January 2017. The sample included 50 participants selected through cluster random sampling and divided into 2 experimental and control groups of deaf children each with 10 members and 2 experimental and control groups of hyperactive children each with 15 members. Inactive controls were placed. The instrumentation was Rutter Children's (Teacher's Form) Behavioral Questionnaire, Social Skills Rating by Teachers Scale, Game Therapy Intervention method for 12 sessions, and Emotional Intelligence Training for 8 sessions each lasting 1 hour on all male and female members of both groups. In order to compare the effectiveness, covariance analysis and t-test were administered and analyzed by SPSS version 23.0 software.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>The findings of this study indicated that 12 sessions of game therapy and 8 sessions of emotional intelligence training significantly affect social compatibility and communicative skills of hyperactive and deaf students (P < 0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results, the effectiveness of Game Therapy and Emotional Intelligence Training was higher on social compatibility and communicative skills of hyperactive children than the deaf children.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Efficacy of Golden Immunstim for Improvement of Abdominal Cramp, Diarrhea, Vomiting, and Fever in Dysenteric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial766776721017710.22038/ijp.2018.28723.2512ENBahram EzatiInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Mohammad ArjomandzadeganInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Fatemeh DorehInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.0000-0003-2568-9169Ali ArjmandInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.0000-0001-6499-1067Fariham EzatiInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Manijeh KahbaziInfectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.Journal Article20180101<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Dysentery is described as a diarrhea with visible blood in the feces. In some regions of world, resistance to antibiotic was reported. Therefore, it is very important to use a safer treatment for this disease. We aimed to survey the efficacy of Golden Immunstim drug on improvement of abdominal cramp, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in dysenteric patients. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This study is a randomized clinical trial, conducted on 100 children with dysentery who visited the outpatient Pediatric Clinic of Amirkabir Hospital in Arak, Iran. Patients were randomly divided into two equal intervention and control groups (n=50).The intervention group received antibiotics (ceftriaxone with a dose of 50mg/kg twice per day [BID] until the symptoms of the patient improve and continue with oral Cefixime until the completion of the 5-day treatment period), and Golden Immunstim (two capsules per day for three days), and the control group only received routine antibiotics. The researchers assessed participants on days 3, 7 and 14. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">On days 3, 7, and 14 abdominal cramp was in 12%, 2%, 0% in intervention group, respectively and was 16%, 0%, 0% in control group (p>0.05); Diarrhea 8%, 2%, 0 % in intervention group, and 8%, 0%, 0% in control group (p>0.05). Vomiting was in 2%, 0%, 0% of intervention group and 0%, 0%, 0% of control group (p>0.05); Fever was in 2%, 0%, 0% of intervention group and 6%, 0%, 0% of control group (p>0.05).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that Golden Immunstim has no effect on dysentery symptoms. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Psychological Determinants of Sunscreen Use among Iranian Students: A Theory Based Cross-Sectional Study767376811024410.22038/ijp.2018.28699.2504ENSeyyed Nasrollah HosseiniMinistry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.Haydeh GhajariAbadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.Fazel Zinat MotlaghSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.0000-0003-4395-6793Taherehsadat HosseiniDepartment of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Payam KhanlariDepartment of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Mohammad MahboubiAbadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.Journal Article20171227<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer, and its prevalence continues to increase. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and psychological determinants of sunscreen use in order to prevent skin cancer among Iranian students based on the health belief model (HBM).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A cross-sectional study was conducted among 550 high school students in Abadan city, Southern Iran, during 2017, which were randomly selected to participate voluntarily, in the Southern of Iran. Data collection was carried out using self-made questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean age of participants was 16.40 <span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span> 0.93 years, ranging from 15 to 19 years. Prevalence of using daily sunscreen was almost 15.5%. There was a significant relationship between using daily sunscreen with sex (female) and higher economic status (P<0.05). The Health Belief Model (HBM) variables predictor accounted for 27% of the variation in the outcome measure of use the sunscreen. Perceived barrier (Beta = -0.290 and P<0.001), Perceived benefits (Beta = 0.242 and P< 0.001) and cues to action (Beta = 0.155 and P= 0.006) were the more influential predictor on sunscreen use.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">We found that girl students compare than boy students were more daily use of sunscreen. Furthermore, comprehensive sunscreen use promotion programs focus on psychological determinants such as perceived barrier, perceived benefits and cues to action may be usefulness of the results in order to promotion of sunscreen. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501Study of Immune Response in Infants of Non-Gestational Diabetic Mothers768376951055810.22038/ijp.2018.30773.2699ENReem Abdel AzizDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt.0000-0002-1892-8013Abdel-Azeem El-MazaryDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt.Mostafa Abu El AlaDepartment of Clinical-pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt.Journal Article20180327<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) have significantly greater risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality and morbidity but whether maternal DM affects the neonatal innate immune system is unknown. We aimed to assess the immune response of infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) with non-gestational DM for Hepatitis B vaccine and to compare them with those of healthy mothers. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">At a prospective case control study in Minia University Hospital for Children, 150 neonates were included in this study; divided into 2 groups, Group I included 75 infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) and Group II: Included 75 apparently healthy infants of apparently healthy mothers. These neonates received Hepatitis B virus vaccine during the first 24 hours of age and at 1 and 6 months of age, Hepatitis B virus surface antibodies, Hepatitis B virus envelope antibody (HBe Abs), and Hepatitis B core antibody (HBc Abs) were measured at 9 and 12 months of age. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results showed that at 9 months of age, Hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBs Abs) titers were significantly higher in healthy neonates compared to IDMs group (p <0.001); while at 12 months of age they were comparable (p=0.118). Negative correlation between HBs antibodies levels at 9 months and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transferase (ALT), Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the duration of maternal diabetes (p <0.001). </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">According to the results, delayed immune response for hepatitis B vaccine was present in infants of non-gestational diabetic mothers compared to healthy neonates reflecting the effect of diabetes on the immune response of IDMs. They became immune at 12 months of age while normal healthy neonates became immune at earlier age. </span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501The Study of Children and Adolescents' Access to Hospitals and Emergency Centers in Kermanshah, West of Iran769777071031410.22038/ijp.2018.29673.2609ENSohyla ReshadatSocial Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Shahram SaeidiSocial Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0003-4050-3465Alireza ZangenehSocial Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Arash ZiapourKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.orcid.org/0000-0001-Maryam ChoobtashaniKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Fariba SaeidiKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20180206<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong>The enjoyment of different walks of life of health care is one of the top priorities. To this end, access is a precondition for the establishment of justice in human societies. Given that keeping the health of some groups in societies is of special importance due to their special age-physical conditions, the present study aimed to investigate the access of children and adolescents under 19 years old to hospitals and emergency centers in Kermanshah, Iran.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods: </span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, the statistical population comprised the children and adolescents under 19 residing in Kermanshah, Iran. Moreover, all public and private hospitals and emergency centers located in Kermanshah were studied. To evaluate the spatial deployment pattern of hospitals and emergency centers as well as correct and true access to them, all data and information were evaluated using the Network Analyst and Arc-GIS Software.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>The results of the present study demonstrated that about 37% of the children and adolescents under 19 had appropriate access to hospitals and emergency centers. In terms of the status of access during 5, 10, and 15 minutes of driving, 42.90%, 80.27% and 89.28% had proper access to hospitals, respectively. Moreover, in terms of access through walking and driving, the 15-19 age group had the most access, as opposed to the 0-4 age group without access.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>In Kermanshah, the access of children and adolescents under 19 to hospitals and emergency centers using vehicles was in a desirable condition, an indication of the success of implementing some post-revolutionary health plans and reducing deprivation and eliminating inequalities across various regions. However, it should be noted that there were problems in terms of access to hospitals and emergency centers through walking, which requires taking actions by authorities in Kermanshah.</span>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50476520180501The Effect of Group Counselling on Body Image Coping Strategy among Adolescent Girls770977161033610.22038/ijp.2018.29364.2573ENNajla IraniDepartment of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.Mahnaz Akbari KamraniDepartment of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran AND Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.0000-0003-4383-6775Zohreh MahmoodiNon-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-7868-6941Malihe FaridFaculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.0000000300485012Naser HajianFaculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.Fatemeh DinpajoohFaculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20180123<strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Background</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Adolescents, pay particular attention to their body image. Dissatisfaction with body image in people can lead to stress. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group counselling on body image and coping strategies among adolescent girls.</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Materials and Methods</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This clinical trial study was conducted on 60 adolescent girls in Karaj City, Iran. The samples were selected using a multi stage sampling technique. For the intervention group, four counseling sessions were held weekly and each session lasted 60 to 90 minutes. The control group received an educational body image package at the end. The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations questionnaire and Body Image Coping Strategy Inventory were completed by participants in both groups before and two weeks after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-19.0 software. </span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Results</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The mean score of the positive rational acceptance before the intervention in intervention and control groups were 43.541±2.798 and 41.875±13.146, respectively. These values after the intervention were 62.708±2.484 and 46.972±16.545 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the mean score of body image and the positive rational acceptance two weeks after the completion of the intervention (P = 0.0001).</span><br /> <strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Conclusion</span></em></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The overall results of this study indicated the effectiveness of intervention (Group Counseling) in improving the body image score and increasing the positive strategic skills.</span>