Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801A Case of Pulmonary Foreign Body Reviewed as Mass22812286732610.22038/ijp.2016.7326ENSeyed Javad SayediAssistant Professor of Pediatric Pulmonology, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Reza ShojaeianAssistant Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-9449-5336Maliheh Bani HassanResident of Pediatrics, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranAli Khakshour4Assistant Professor of Pediatric, r. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-6174-6944Journal Article20160728Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA) is a common and sometimes life-threatening problem in children and in higher age groups. FBA highest incidence rate is during the second year in children and the sixth decade of life in adults, and often foreign bodies due to their shape and size pass through larynx and trachea and place in bronchi. The most common aspirated body by children are nuts. Symptoms of aspiration can be asphyxia, cough, or cyanosis. Although in some cases patients may have no symptoms, an accurate and positive history even without clinical signs must be suspected doctor to a foreign body aspiration. However, in some cases, radiological intervention is normal and helps to diagnose and should be performed in all suspected cases to FBA. <br />FBA definite diagnosis is by bronchoscopy, and to prevent complications and possibly death, timely removing of foreign body is vital and necessary. Most of the complications of delayed diagnosis and treatment and early detection are associated with few complications. FBA potential complications include pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess, and recurrent pneumonia. Most of these complications are irreversible in people with problems diagnosed too late. Technological advances and clinical application of bronchoscopy have caused the majority of foreign bodies are removed from the respiratory system are without sequela. The removal of foreign body through undergone rigid bronchoscopy is the preferred method of treatment, but in certain cases may require surgical intervention to remove the foreign body. This report is a case of 17-month-old infant with fever, coryza, and cough symptoms with a diagnosis of pneumonia was hospitalized due to suspected pulmonary mass by chest x-ray or chest CT scan and bronchoscopy was performed and the seed was removed from the right lung.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Report of Four Children with Gaucher Disease and Review of Literature22872293730710.22038/ijp.2016.7307ENWajiha MaanDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Golisano Children Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.Manoochehr KarjooDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Golisano Children Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.Mirza BegDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Golisano Children Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.Journal Article20160726Gaucher Disease (GD) is the most common type of Lysosomal Storage Disorder and it is divided into three distinct subtypes. The authors here report four different cases of Gaucher Disease, with varying clinical manifestations, and the diagnosis of each established by the low level of Beta-Glucosidase enzyme as well as genetic DNA testing. The study also highlights the importance of early diagnosis of the disease in order to initiate the appropriate therapeutic management to help prevent further progression of the disease.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Challenges and Proposed Actions for HIV/AIDS Control among Children in Iran22952297717910.22038/ijp.2016.7179ENSalman KhazaeiDepartment of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran0000-0001-5918-2310Kmayar MansoriSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Erfan AyubiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160704It is estimated globally 3.2 million children were living with HIV in 2014, that mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the majority of them infected to HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, during delivery or breastfeeding (1). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during and after pregnancy is essential for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV (2). In the absence of any interventions HIV transmission rates are the range of 15-45% (3). In this letter our goal is to describe the situation of transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to child in Iran compared other regions of the world, and expressed which indicators should be upgraded. <br/>As shown in <strong>Figure.1</strong>, estimated numbers of infected children in Iran were 1900 (1400 – 2800) in 2015. This situation is much better of many African countries with more than 11,000 infected children. For many countries in Europe, South East Asia and America, this information was not available (4). Regarding coverage of pregnant women who receive antiretroviral therapy (ARV) for PMTCT index, that's mean percentage of infants born to HIV-positive women receiving a virological test for HIV within 2 months of birth (<strong>Figure.2</strong>), Iran is among the countries with less than 36% coverage. However, this indicator for many countries in South Africa, South America and Central Asia is more than 85% (5). Also, early diagnoses of HIV infected infants in Iran not have suitable conditions, and like many countries of North Africa and Southeast Asia less than 36% of them were timely diagnosed (F<strong>igure.3</strong>).Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Human Development and related Components with Malnutrition in Children: a Global Ecological Study22992305717810.22038/ijp.2016.7178ENMokhtar SoheylizadDepartment of Health Education, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.Erfan AyubiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Kamyar MansoriSocial Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, IranBehzad GholamalieeSocial Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranMohadeseh SaniSchool of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.Somayeh KhazaeiBSc in Operating Room, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.0000-0002-4005-9563Shiva Mansouri HanisSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani8Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Salman KhazaeiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5918-2310Journal Article20160630Background: It is necessary to get information on nutrition situation in children and epidemiology of the malnutrition to use for planning and health policy making, therefore this study aimed to identify the role of human development on nutrition situation in children under-five years of old worldwide.<br />Methods: This ecological study was performed on the relation of the nutrition situation of children under 5 years of old and HDI. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the UNDP database and Data about prevalence of wasting, stunting and overweight in children under 5 (%) were obtained from WHO. Correlation bivariate method were used to assessment of the correlation between the prevalence of nutrition status and the HDI.<br />Results: Globally mean prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight were 23.4, 6.2 and 7.1 percent respectively. There was a negative significant correlation between prevalence of stunting and wasting with HDI, Life expectancy at birth, Mean year of schooling, Physician per population, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and Gross national income (PMashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Deaths in children under 5 years in Iran23072309726610.22038/ijp.2016.7266ENErfan AyubiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Salman KhazaeiDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Shiva Mansouri HanisSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Kamyar MansoriSocial Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.Journal Article20160717Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if current age-specific mortality rates be continued. Under-5 mortality, a Millennium Development Goal indicator, is a leading indicator of child health and overall development. This indicator measures child survival. It also, reflects the social, economic and environmental conditions in which children (and others in society) live, including their health care, and also it is a one of health development index (HDI) in world (1, 2).Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Living with a Colicky Infant: Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Studies23112316732510.22038/ijp.2016.7325ENAli Reza Mansourzadeh1BScN, MScN, PhD candidate, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Masoud Sirati NirPhD, Assistant Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Soheil Najafi MehriPhD, Assistant Professor of Nursing Education, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20160629<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>Parents having a baby with infantile colic experienced thoughts and emotions such as hopelessness, fatigue and concern. This study presents a review to provide better insights into the life of parents living with a colicky infant. The aimed of this meta-synthesis was to analyze and synthesize findings from qualitative studies about the experiences of parents of colicky infants. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>This meta-synthesis follows the guidelines of Sandeowski and Barroso and was designed to synthesize findings from previous qualitative studies. The following biomedical archives were searched: PubMED, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane library, ProQuest. Recently published articles and books on the experiences of parents living with a colicky infant were reviewed. The searches covered the years from 2000 to 2016 and found three studies, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>The findings of all studies selected were categorized into the themes of "eclipse of normal life" and "relief through parental adaptation". The findings reveal that the experiences of parents living with a colicky infant are important for constructing an insightful child care protocol and improving interpersonal interactions in the family. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>The pathic or non-diagnostic knowledge that emerged from this qualitative review may be helpful for improving treatment of colicky infants and a provide relief for their parents.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Related Factors of the Preventing Behaviors of HIV/AIDS among Young People: Applying the Extended Health Belief Model (EHBM)23172328730310.22038/ijp.2016.7303ENMohtasham GhaffariEnvironmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Zabihollah GharlipourDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.Sakineh RakhshanderouDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20160721<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>HIV/AIDS is one of the major public health problems and a barrier to the progress of human civilization that is considered as a big concern for people all around the world. Premarital sexual abstinence is introduced as the most effective way to avoid HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to determine associated factors in the preventing behaviors of HIV/AIDS among young people using the Extended Health Belief Model. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>This research was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study which was conducted on 577 students in different universities in Shiraz. The participants were enrolled in the study using random stratified sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire based on Extended Health Belief Model was implemented to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS V.18 using independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>In this study, the intention of premarital sexual abstinence had a statistically significant association with the constructs of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, and religious beliefs (P<0.05). <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>When designing programs for the prevention of HIV/AIDS and for the promotion of the premarital sexual abstinence, it might be useful to utilize the Extended Health Belief Model and focus on religious beliefs and subjective norms.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801The Effects of Model-Based Educational Intervention on Self-medication Behavior in Mothers with Children less than 2- year32293238722310.22038/ijp.2016.7223ENRostam HeydartabarMSc Student Health Education, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran.Effat HatefniaAssociate Professor of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran.Anushiravan KazemnejadProfessor of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistcs, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbit Modares University , Tehran, IranErfan AyubiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Kamyar MansoriSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20160715<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Self-medication by people is one of the major issues in the world that can be lead to numerous medical and economic problems, this especially issue in children under 2 years who are at the age of growth and development have great importance. The aim of this study was investigate the effects of model-based educational interventions on self-medication behavior in mothers with children under 2 years of age who referred to the health centers of Firoozkooh city (Iran). <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>This study was quasi - experimental interventional study. The study population consisted of mothers with children under 2 years old referring to health centers of the Firoozkooh city, Iran. The data collection tool was researcher made questionnaire which its validity and reliability was assessed than was used. The required information was collected before and after the educational intervention. Then 4 months after the educational intervention, evaluation was done and data analysis was using SPSS-20. <br/><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Significant difference was not found between mean scores of knowledge, perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy with performance (self-medication) before the educational intervention (P>0.05). But after the educational intervention, statistically significant difference was found between mean scores of knowledge, perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy with performance (P<0.05). <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>It seems that Model-Based Educational Intervention may be promoted the knowledge and performance of mothers about self-medication in children. Notifying mothers in this filed through the mass media such as radio and television and health care personnel can be used to reduce the self-medication.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801The Cost of Formula Milk Feeding in Infancy in Al-Amarah City, South East of Iraq32393247704810.22038/ijp.2016.7048ENEsraa Abd Al-Muhsen AliM.B. Ch.B , C.A.B.P, D.C.H., Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Missan University, Missan, Iraq.Hussein Fadhil AljawadiM.B. Ch.B , C.A.B.P, D.C.H., Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Missan University, Missan, Iraq.Ali Abdul Razzak ObaidM.B. Ch.B , C.A.B.P, D.C.H., Assistant professor, Pediatrics Department, Al-Kindi College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.Journal Article20160618<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>Infant formula means a breast-milk substitute specially manufactured to satisfy, by itself, the nutritional requirements of infants during the first months of life up to the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. We aimed to determine the cost and burden of formula feeding on the family in Al-Amara city, Iraq. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out in Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital in Al-Amara city, Iraq, during period from August/2015 to February/2016. The study performed on 100 mothers of infant less than 6 months who were attended the pediatric ward. Data was collected then calculating the average of ounces consumed per a day for each age group with calculating their cost per a day. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>The mean cost of ounces consumption per a day for each infant who was exclusively on formula feeding during the first month of age was (1,584 IQD: Iraqi Dinar), while for the second month and 3-6 months age group were (1,806 IQD) and (2,322 IQD) respectively. The cost was significantly higher than those infants on mixed feeding in all age groups, the P-values are 0.007, 0.005 and 0.002 in 1<sup>st</sup> month, 2<sup>nd</sup> month and 3-6 month of age respectively. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>In general the cost of formula milk feeding in infancy was high and causing a burden on the family. Saving money, health and emotional wellbeing will direct our vision toward breast feeding.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls and their Perceptions of Obesity Prevention in Shahr-e Kord, Iran32493262732010.22038/ijp.2016.7320ENAli RamezankhaniProfessor, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000 0001 9180 4386Elahe TavassoliAssistant Professor, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IranMahin GhafariAssistant Professor, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IranMasoumeh AlidostiDepartment of Public Health, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, IranSeyedeh Shahrbanoo DanialiPhD Candidate of health education and health promotion. Department of health education & health promotion School of health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-3183-778Zabihollah GharlipourAssistant Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranJournal Article20160727<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Regular physical activity (PA) has positive effects on physical, psychological and social health in the individual and the community. Reduced PA is a major global problem that is increasing in prevalence every day. The present study aimed to determine the status of PA among adolescent girls and their perceptions of obesity prevention. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 308 randomly-selected female high-school students in in Shahr-e Kord, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model and the Standard Physical Activity Questionnaire and were then analyzed in SPSS-16 using statistical tests including the Chi-square test and Pearson’s and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficients. <br/><strong><em>Results: </em></strong>According to the results, 217 (70.1%) of the adolescents had light PA, 84 (27.3%) had moderate and only 8 (2.6%) had severe physical activity. The adolescents obtained mean scores of 39.61±19.46 in knowledge, 31.88±15.04 in perceived susceptibility, 34.76±19.82 in perceived severity, 43.11±2.6 in perceived benefits of PA and 39.94±1.93 in perceived barriers. The mean score of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived benefits were higher in those with moderate physical activity compared to those with light physical activity (P<0.001). <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>Given the status of PA in the participating adolescents and their low knowledge and poor perceptions of obesity and its relationship with regular physical activity, it is necessary to develop and implement health education and promotion interventions that aim to raise knowledge, generate interest in physical activity and its regular practice and, more importantly, make this behavior persistent.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801The Effect of Puberty Health Education based on Health Belief Model on Health Behaviors and Preventive among Teen Boys in Marivan, North West of Iran32713281716710.22038/ijp.2016.7167ENRohollah ValizadeMSc Student of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.Parvaneh TaymooriSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.0000000271712318Fayegh Yousefi YousefiDepartment of Psychiatry, Medicine Faculty, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.0000-0001-5503-3326Leila RahimiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Marivan, Iran.Naseh GhaderiStudent Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20160701<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>Maturity and its related sexual and mental changes are one of the most important events in the life of every individual. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of puberty health education based on Health Belief Model on health behaviors and preventive among students boy first secondary school in Marivan city in 2015. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>This research is an experimental intervention study that was conducted in 2015. The study participants were 64 male students of second year of first secondary school boys who were selected randomly with cluster sampling from two schools among 12 schools in first grade of high school in the Marivan city. Totally 32 students were selected randomly in the intervention group in the one of the schools and 32 students in the control group in the other school. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researchers based on the health belief model. The validity and reliability of questionnaire was confirmed. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 17, Chi square, descriptive statistics and independent t-tests. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>Results showed significance differences after educational intervention in the mean scores of awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, cues to action and performance in the intervention group (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences about perceived barriers. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>The findings of this study emphasize and describe the efficiency of educational intervention based on health belief model in adopting the preventive and controlling behaviors in principles of maturity health describing the maturity.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Early Diagnosis and Intervention for Hearing Loss in Newborns Discharged from Intensive Care Units: a Four-year Follow-up Study in North of Iran32833291715410.22038/ijp.2016.7154ENSima TajikDepartment of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR IranMousa Ahmadpour-kachoAssociate professor of Pediatrics, Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Amirkola Children’s Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran0000-0001-8572-2026Journal Article20160702<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>Hearing loss is the most common congenital disorder the incidence of which is further increased in the presence of risk factors for hearing loss among newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of this study was early diagnosis and intervention for hearing loss in newborns discharged from NICU. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>This prospective cohort study was conducted on 3,362 newborns discharged from the NICU in several hospitals in Babol, Iran. Each newborn was evaluated through the transient evoked otoacoustic emission (T) EOAE test. In the absence of any result, retests including TEOAE and diagnostic auditory brainstem response (ABR) were conducted. In case of hearing loss, intervention programs including hearing aids fitting and cochlear implant were considered for infants. Each newborn infant was follow-up for four years. The infant’s age was also calculated during the hearing loss diagnosis and the intervention program. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was diagnosed in 35 (1.04%) of the infants at an average age of 105.65 <span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span> 96.72 days. Most of hearing loss diagnosis (51.43%) was before the age of 3 months. Hearing aids were fitted for 25 infants (80.64%) with a mean age of 9.61 + 7.64 months. Cochlear implants were done for two (8%) children. At the end of the follow up, all of the children except one case (3.22%) were able to use verbal communication. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>Hearing screening of the high risk NICU graduate babies has reduced the age of hearing loss diagnosis to 3 months. The presence of severe to profound hearing loss in this population highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Single Center Experience with Hydroxyzine in the Treatment of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome32933298718710.22038/ijp.2016.7187ENJoyce SalibaDepartment of Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.Manoochehr KarjooProfessor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Golisano Children's Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University
750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.Noha BasounyAin Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq, Cairo 11566, Egypt.Afshin KarjooPharmacy Clinical Coordinator, Venice Regional Bayfront Health, 540 The Rialto, Venice FL 34285, USA.Mirza BegAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Golisano Children's Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, USA.Journal Article20160710<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>To this date, there has been no specific therapy proven to be effective for cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) in controlled trials. Multiple regimens have been proposed including: cyproheptadine, propranolol, amitriptyline, and phenobarbital. These medications are not without major side effects. The aim of this study was to describe the authors’ experience with hydroxyzine in children with CVS. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>This was a systematic retrospective review of charts from March 1<sup>st</sup> 2012 till December 31<sup>st</sup> 2014. Patients diagnosed with CVS and treated with hydroxyzine were included in this study. Demographic criteria as well as response to therapy were reviewed. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>48 patients were diagnosed with CVS during the period of two years and nine months. Female to male ratio was 2:1. The average age at diagnosis was 10.4 years. Fifteen patients were treated with hydroxyzine. Overall success rate was 86.7%. The rates of complete and partial remission were respectively 61.5% and 38.4%. Only 2 patients failed to respond. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>Hydroxyzine seems to be a safe and effective alternative prophylactic treatment in children with CVS. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to support this specific indication for prescribing hydroxyzine.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Is Duration of Breastfeeding Associated with Anthropometric Measures in Children and Adolescents? the Weight Disorders Survey of the CASPIAN- IV Study32993313716610.22038/ijp.2016.7166ENRoya KelishadiPediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Fatemeh RezaeiDepartment of Social Medicine, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.Shirin DjalaliniaDevelopment of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.Mojgan AsadiOsteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Sareh MiranzadehPediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMohammad Esmaeil MotlaghDepartment of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranShirin Hasani RanjbarObesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSaeid SafiriManagerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, IranMorteza MansourianDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-2482-5424Hossein AnsariDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IranMostafa Qorbani0Departments of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran & Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9465-7588Omid SafariDepartments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20160629<strong><em>Background</em></strong><strong>:</strong> The association of duration of breastfeeding (BF) with weight disorders remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the association of BF with anthropometric measures and weight disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. <strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong><strong>:</strong> Using multistage random cluster sampling method, a representative sample of 25,000 school students were selected from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran (2011-2012). Through a validated questionnaire, data was recorded for every participant. Anthropometricand measures and duration of BF were measured under international standard protocols by using calibrated instruments. <strong><em>Results</em>: </strong>Overall, 23,043 students completed the survey (participation rate: 92.17%). They consisted of 50.8% boys, 73.4% urban residents, with a mean age of 12.55 ± 3.31 years. Significant association was found between BF duration and overweight (P<0.05). In multivariate model, longer duration of BF (BF ≥ 6 months versus < 6 months), was associated with lower risk of becoming overweight [odds ratio(OR):0.86(0.74,0.99)]. There was no significant association between duration of BF with body mass index(BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference, wrist circumference, generalized obesity and abdominal obesity. <strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><strong>: </strong>Although the longer duration of BF is associated with lower risk of becoming overweight, does not seem to be associated with anthropometric measures in childhood and adolescence. To confirm the results of the present study, more longitudinal studies in Iranian children and adolescents are warranted.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801The Relationship between Self-efficacy and Marital Satisfaction among Married Students33153321738410.22038/ijp.2016.7384ENMarzieh Mashal Pour FardLecturer, Faculty Member, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Mansour KavoosiPhD Candidates in Crisis Management Field in Shakes Pajouh Institute Esfahan, Iran.Zahra EbadiMSc, Faculty Member, Department of psychology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.Sara MoussaviMSc, Instructure of Payame Noor University (PNU), Graduated in MA General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.0000-0002-8551-2587Journal Article20160228<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>The present study was designed and conducted to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and marital satisfaction among married and single students. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>The sample of this study consisted of 50 married students of Payame Noor University in IZEH city, South West of Iran; then simple random sampling method was used to select samples. To measure self-efficacy questionnaire Scherer and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire was used. Data were analyses using SPSS-20. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>The mean age of students were 23 <span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span> 0.739 years. In terms of demographic characteristics, 50% of the study population were women and 50% were men. Results showed thatthere was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and marital satisfaction of male students (r= - 0.55 and P=0.001), respectively. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and marital satisfaction in married women students (r= -0.47 and P=0.001), respectively. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>The root of many marital problems, including divorce, the factors they are directly or indirectly marital satisfaction. Therefore, considering these variables can be important to prevent disputes in married life and many negative consequences for physical and mental health will bring the couple and their children that can affect the beneficial aspects of married life<strong><em>.</em></strong>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Maternal Anemia and Pregnancy outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis33233342722110.22038/ijp.2016.7221ENShoboo RahmatiMSc Student of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.Ali DelpishehProfessor of Epidemiology, Public Health Faculty, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.Naser ParizadPh.D Candidate in Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Koroush SayehmiriAssociate Professor of Biostatistics, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.Journal Article20160703<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/><strong><em> </em></strong>The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/><strong><em> </em></strong>This systematic review was conducted in domestic (Sid, Iran.doc, Iran medex and Magiran) and international (PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Springer, Embase, Google scholar) databases from January 1, 1990 to April 10, 2016 with using standard key words "Pregnancy", "Pregnant women", "Hemoglobin/ haemoglobin", "Anemia/ anaemia", and "Pregnancy outcome". Relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals were extracted from each study. <br/><strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/><strong><em> </em></strong>Overall 30 studies with a total sample size of 1,194,746 were entered into the final meta-analysis. Maternal anemia in the first trimester showed a significant relationship with low birth weight (RR: 1.28, 95% CI, 1.10 - 1.50, P<0.01), pre-term birth (RR: 1.26, 95% CI, 1.11- 1.44, P<0.01) and small for gestational age (RR: 1.12, 95% CI, 1.05 - 1.19, P<0.01`), that means maternal anemia in the first trimester raises the risk of these outcomes. <br/>Even though, maternal anemia in the second trimester has no significant relationship with low birth weight (RR, 1.19, 95% CI, 0.65- 2.17, P>0.05) and pre-term birth (RR: 1.35, 95% CI, 0.54 - 3.24, P>0.05). Similarly, maternal anemia in the third trimester has also, no significant relationship with low birth weight (RR: 1.23, 95% CI, 0.97 - 1.55, P>0.05) and pre-term birth (RR: 1.55, 95% CI, 0.83 - 2.88, P>0.05). <br/><strong><em>Conclusion </em></strong><br/>Maternal anemia during pregnancy in the first trimester in particular can be considered as a risk factor for pregnancy outcomes and must be treated as an advance.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Childhood: Review, Symptoms in the Oral Cavity, Differential Diagnosis and Report of One Case33433353725610.22038/ijp.2016.7256ENMohammad ShooriabiAssistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranMohsen ParsazadePathologist of imam Khomeini hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranShahram BagheriPathologist of shafa hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.Seyed Amir Razavi SatvatiAssistant professor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, IranRoohollah SharifiAssistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry ,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20160716<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/>Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease in which monoclonal migration and proliferation of specific dendritic cells is seen. The disease primarily affects the bones and skin, but there is a possibility that involves other organs or appears as a multi-systemic disease. <br/><strong><em>Case Report</em></strong> <br/>In oral examination of a nine-month girl, two deep wounds with a yellow membrane with approximate size of 1 × 1 cm on both sides of mandibular alveolar ridge were seen. The edges of the wounds were swollen and proliferated and redder than the surrounding mucosa. At the touch the edges of the wound were not indurated. The wound were created from the third-month and the size of wounds had become slightly larger within 6 months. According to the chronic wound and being non-responsive to various systemic and local treatments, incisional biopsy was taken from the wounds. Langerhans cell histiocytosis was confirmed<em>histologically </em>and immune histochemically. <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>Mouth ulcers may be the only symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Therefore, the role of dentist could be important in diagnosis of this disease.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Pediatrics2345-50474820160801Diagnostic Accuracy of Growth Rate in Differentiating Etiologies of Short Stature in Children33553361739410.22038/ijp.2016.7394ENMohammad Reza AlaeiAssociated Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.00000291668166Hedyeh SaneifardAssisstant Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science,Tehran, Iran.0000000279260598Marjan Shakiba2Assisstant Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science,Tehran, Iran.0000000338845466Hossein Shabani MirzaeiAssistant Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20160628<strong><em>Background</em></strong> <br/><strong><em> </em></strong>Short stature is a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions that some of which may be amenable to timely treatment and a suboptimal growth rate may be an early marker pointing to the cause of growth retardation. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of growth rate in differential diagnosis of children with short stature. <br/><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> <br/>All children between the ages of 2 and 18 years who visited in pediatric endocrinology clinic in a five years period were recruited in a prospective cohort study. Children with standing height <strong><em>Results</em></strong> <br/>One hundred forty three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Mean follow up period was 14.4±10.9 months. Etiologies of short stature were: constitutional growth delay (CGD) 46.9%, familial short stature (FSS) 28.7%, hypothyroidism 4.2%, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) 4.2% and miscellaneous causes in 16% of patients. Mean Z- score for children with constitutional growth delay was -2.3±0.69, in familial short stature was -2.3±0.65 and for other condition was -2.7±1.49. There was a meaningful statistical correlation between growth rate and etiology of short stature (P<0.05), but there were no correlation between Z-score and etiology of short stature (P>0.05). <br/><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong> <br/>There was significant difference in growth rate between children with constitutional growth delay and familial short stature in comparing to short stature due to endocrine problem and other etiologies. Assessment of growth rate has some utility in diagnosing the etiology of short stature.