International Journal of Pediatrics

Validity of Three Formulas for Measuring Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth in Children under Mechanical Ventilation

Narges Keshvarparast; Nemat Bilan; Farinaz Amirikar

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2023, , Pages 17463-17469

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.66353.4989

Abstract

Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. ... Read More Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. The above complications may be difficult for a patient with severe disease to tolerate; especially when inappropriate placement is not detected by the specialist in the initial evaluation and the diagnosis lasts until the confirmatory chest x-ray is performed. This study evaluated the validity of three formulas in measuring the depth of endotracheal intubation in children under mechanical ventilation.Methods: 60 intubated children aged 2 months to 12 years were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into three study groups. Endotracheal tube length for each patient was calculated on the basis of the endotracheal tube length formulas (12 + age (years) / 2; endotracheal tube diameter * 3; and 5 + height (cm) / 10). The ideal depth of the endotracheal tube based on chest x-ray was measured as the median distance between the first thoracic vertebra (T1) and the carina in cm. The distance between the ideal depth of the endotracheal tube and the end location of the endotracheal tube was also measured and recorded.Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.90 months and 58.3% of them were boys. The most common indication for intubation was pneumonia, along with respiratory distress (33.3%). Considering the difference in endotracheal tube depth between the two values calculated using the formula and chest X-ray equal to± 0.5 cm, formula 12 + (2 / age) in 55% of patients, formula 3 * endotracheal tube length in 70% patients and formula 5 + (10 / height) in 85% of patients, were correctly estimated endotracheal tube length. On the other hand, it was observed that in 15%, 45% and 40% of the patients, the formula predicted the correct length of the endotracheal tube for correct intubation without any difference while compared to the chest X-ray. In evaluating the results obtained from the formula and length of the endotracheal tube measured by chest X-ray, it was also observed that the formulas 12 + (2 / age), 3 * length of the endotracheal tube and 5 + (10 / height) were significantly correlated with CXR.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the formulas used to estimate the depth of endotracheal tube placement in children have low accuracies compared to the gold standard of measurement (chest X-ray). Of course, in comparison to the three formulas (height, weight and diameter of the ETT), the height formula was more accurate than others.

Comparing the Growth and Development of Six Months Infants between the Mothers With/Without Covid-19 during Their Pregnancy

Kokab Namakin; Zohre Saadatinasab; Hamid Salehiniya; Amirhosein Zardast

Volume 11, Issue 4 , April 2023, , Pages 17558-17571

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.69768.5148

Abstract

Background: Viral infection during pregnancy induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases the level of IL-6, which as a measure of the inflammation of the mother's immune system ... Read More Background: Viral infection during pregnancy induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases the level of IL-6, which as a measure of the inflammation of the mother's immune system is effective on the development of the brain of the fetus and increases the rate of mental disorders of the fetus. The possible effect of the mother's COVID-19 on children, if any, is still unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the consequences of neurodevelopment and growth at the age of 6 months in infants among mothers with/without exposure to COVID-19 during pregnancy in Birjand, 2021.Methods: A total of 161 pregnant women with PCR-positive coronavirus and 181 pregnant women without infection were selected by simple random sampling. Demographic characteristics including age, occupation, education, gender, nationality, sex of babies, along with data related to the neurodevelopmental status of infants by the use of ASQ questionnaire were extracted and entered into SPSS 16 software. For descriptive statistics, Mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution tables were used, and inferential analyses were conducted by the use of Chi-square, t-test, and analysis of variance at a significance level of less than 0.05. The disturbance was equal / lower than 1 SD in each of ASQ-3 score domains.Results: In this cohort study, demographic characteristics in the exposed and unexposed groups were not significantly different. There was no statistically significant difference between the average score of the ASQ_3 questionnaires as well as the average score in the areas of communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and social personality among infants born from mothers with and without COVID-19. Also, there was no significant difference in the incidence of disorders in different fields of neurodevelopment, except for the field of establishing communication between the two groups of exposed and unexposed. On the other hand, cesarean delivery was significantly higher in pregnant mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy. However, there was no significant relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and the rate of premature delivery, and low birth weight neonates. In addition, the severity and time of the corona infection during pregnancy did not have any significant effect on the neurodevelopment of infants with intrauterine exposure to COVID-19.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, infection with COVID-19 does not increase the incidence of developmental disorders in 6-month-old infants. Furthermore, it does not increase low

Comparing the Hemodynamic Stability, Anti-Anxiety, and Sedation Effects of Intranasal Midazolam and Ketamine as Premedication in Pediatric Hernia Repair Surgery

Goli Aezzi Pashakollaei; Hamidreza Effati; Hooshang Akbari; Saeed Kargar-Soleimanabad; Erfan Ghadirzadeh; Alireza Nikzad Jamnani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , May 2023, , Pages 17698-17705

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.70907.5228

Abstract

Background: Fear and anxiety before entering the operating room are significant issues in pediatric anesthesia. Given that the venipuncture process is accompanied by separation anxiety, ... Read More Background: Fear and anxiety before entering the operating room are significant issues in pediatric anesthesia. Given that the venipuncture process is accompanied by separation anxiety, and the ease of use of intranasal premedication versus intravenous, rectal, or intramuscular methods, and considering the risk of aspiration during oral delivery in children, the purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the anti-anxiety and sedation effects of intranasal midazolam and intranasal ketamine as a premedication in pediatric hernia repair surgery. Methods: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial involving 36 participants aged 1 to 6 years who underwent hernia repair surgery in Bu Ali Hospital between 2020 and 2021. The child was transferred to the operating room after 30 minutes of evaluating the effects of the drug and recording the related data. In the operating room, data from an electrocardiogram device, arterial oxygen saturation level, and blood pressure were all checked. At 5 minute intervals, the patient's hemodynamics were checked and recorded. The time from the beginning to the end of anesthesia was recorded. Results: This study included 36 patients (18 in each group). The average age and weight of the patients were 37.71 ± 21.73 months (range = 1-72 months) and 14.60 ± 4.26 kg (range = 6.5-25 kg), respectively. Independent t-tests showed no significant difference between the two groups. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured in two groups (ketamine and Midazolam) but no significant difference was observed among the three stages (before premedication, before anesthesia, and after intubation) (P>0.05). The relationship between qualitative outcomes was analyzed using Chi-square test but no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: the current study showed that there is no statistically significant difference between intranasal ketamine and midazolam in terms of effectiveness and side effects.

Executive Functions, Metacognitive Awareness, and Cognitive Flexibility in Advanced English Language Learners in Comparison to other Students

Saeed Rizi; Masoud Rostami

Volume 11, Issue 6 , June 2023, , Pages 17854-17867

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.71131.5220

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, an abundance of research has been conducted on the effects of bilingualism, with varying conclusions. Aim: This study was designed to assess the executive ... Read More

Risk of Neonatal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Maliheh Mahmoudinia; Tahereh Sadeghi; Nadia Sheikhi; Mahdi Niknazar; Faezeh Zakerinasab

Volume 11, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Pages 18027-18036

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.72990.5295

Abstract

Background: Since its announcement as a pandemic, COVID-19 has been shown to be associated with more severe outcomes among pregnant women. Infected mothers may develop Intrauterine ... Read More

The Relationship between Motor Skills and Language Performance in Mentally Retarded Children

Ehsan Hemmati; Fateme Taaki; Alireza Aghaz; Roya Mokhtari Fard; Ahmadreza Darabi; Maryam Safary; Maryam Issadokht; Alireza Alidad; Abdulghafoor GereyNurani; Hossein Abbasi; Mohammad Taghi Joghataei

Volume 11, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Pages 18112-18122

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.70906.5211

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor skills and language skills in mentally retarded children. The secondary purpose of this study was ... Read More

Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children

M Sabbaghian

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, , Pages 3-3

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2441

Abstract

Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are non-fatal, unknown etiology disorders with absence of a structural or biochemical explanation and accounting for up to ... Read More Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are non-fatal, unknown etiology disorders with absence of a structural or biochemical explanation and accounting for up to 50% of gastroenterology referrals. Infant regurgitation, rumination and cyclic vomiting constitute the vomiting disorders. Abdominal pain disorders are classified as: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain, abdominal migraine and aerophagia. Disorders of defecation include: infant dyschezia, functional constipation, functional fecal retention and functional non-retentive fecal soiling. Current researches suggest a role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of FGID and qualitative and quantitative alterations in the normal gut flora in some functional disorder such as IBS, chronic constipation and formula-fed infants which suffering colic or regurgitation have been described. Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms, when they are ingested, have positive effects on the host’s health. They influence intestinal physiology by different ways. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which promote the growth and/or activity of probiotic bacteria. Evidences for the therapeutic or preventive effect of particular probiotic strains with or without prebiotics in FGID are available in many of articles. Results are encouraging in symptomatic alleviation and improvement in quality of life in IBS, functional constipation, functional abdominal pain, infantile colic, aerophagia and infantile regurgitation. Conclusion: Different probiotic strains have different effects, so selection of strains with specific health benefits is important. In general according to review of articles, although some of specific probiotic strains can provide a health benefit in these disorders, it seems, more high-quality and long-duration placebo-con-trolled trials are required. Keywords: Functional gastrointestinal disorders, Probiotic.

Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease

Hoda Madani

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 3-3

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2652

Abstract

Recently, cell therapy has sparked a revolution in ischemic heart disease that will in the future help clinicians to cure patients. Earlier investigations in animal models and ... Read More

Maternal Education, Reported Morbidity and Number of Siblings are Associated with Malnutrition among Lodha Preschool Children of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

Samiran Bisai; Dilip Mahalanabis; Amitava Sen; Kaushik Bose

Volume 2, Issue 4.2 , November 2014, , Pages 13-21

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.3363

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition among tribal preschool children is highly prevalent in almost all states of India and is the predisposing factor for morbidity as well as mortality. Objectives: ... Read More

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Breastfeeding Success in Lactating Mothers

Mahnaz Haghighi; Razieh Abbasi

Volume 3, Issue 2.1 , March 2015, , Pages 15-21

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4006

Abstract

Introduction: Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to promote children's health. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence ... Read More

Characteristics and Outcome of three forms of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Iranian Children

Mehri Najafi Sani; Fatemehsoltan Zegheibizadeh; Seyed Ali Jafari; Monnavar Afzal Aghaee; Hamid Ahanchian; Hamid Reza Kianifar

Volume 1, Issue 1 , August 2013, , Pages 19-24

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2013.2029

Abstract

Introduction To define the clinical features, biochemical and histological findings and outcome of three forms of autoimmune hepatitis. Materials and Methods In a cross sectional ... Read More

Evaluation of Parental Attitudes toward Lumbar Puncture in their Children

Ali Khakshour; Mitra Hashemi; Hamid Tavakoli; Zhila Sheikhi; Mohammad Ali Kiani; Saghi Elmi

Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2013, , Pages 19-23

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2013.2218

Abstract

Introduction: Sometimes physicians need to assess some markers on selected children's cerebrospinal fluid specimen according to lumbar puncture (LP). Although immediate diagnosis ... Read More

Laparoscopic Colon Surgery for Benign Disease: A Comparison to Open Surgery

Ahmad Bazrafshan; Abbas Abdollahi; Mohammad Etezadpour

Volume 2, Issue 3.2 , August 2014, , Pages 19-24

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2851

Abstract

Backgrounds and Objectives: Today we are witnessed a growing number of minimally invasive surgical techniques for different diseases. Laparoscopic colon surgery as a minimally invasive ... Read More

Evaluation of Clinical and Laboratory Data in Patients with Recurrent Infections and Suspected Immunodeficiency

Hamid Ahanchian; Farahzad Jabbari Azad; Catherine Gangel; Fatemeh Behmanesh; Carmen M Jones; Reza Purreza; Elham Ansari; Nasrin Moazzen; Reza Farid

Volume 2, Issue 3.3 , September 2014, , Pages 19-24

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2996

Abstract

Background: Frequent infections is among the most frequent clinical dilemmas for primary care physicians. Immunodeficiency disorders are a heterogeneous group of illnesses that predispose ... Read More

Maternal Knowledge and Attitude toward Exclusive Breast Milk Feeding (BMF) in the First 6 Months of Infant Life in Mashhad

Bibi Leila Hoseini; Rahim Vakili; Mohammad Ali Kiani; Ali Khakshour; Masumeh Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2014, , Pages 63-69

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2122

Abstract

Introduction: Breast milk is a complete food for growing children until 6 months of age, and mothers, as the most important child health care, play a decisive role in their growth. ... Read More

Maternal Knowledge and Performance about Use of Iron and Multivitamin Supplements in Children in Northwest of Iran

Babak Abdinia

Volume 2, Issue 2.2 , April 2014, , Pages 119-123

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2438

Abstract

Introduction Micronutrients deficiency, especially iron and vitamins, is a common nutritional problem among children under 2 years in Iran. The aim of the present study is to assess ... Read More

Effects of Nutritional variables in children with iron deficiency anemia

Ali Ghasemi; Bijan Keikhaei

Volume 2, Issue 3.1 , July 2014, , Pages 183-187

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2619

Abstract

Introduction: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in the world. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is about 9% in toddlers, 9-11% in adolescent ... Read More

Effect of Supplemental Ascorbic Acid on the Aerobic Capacity in Children

Gholamreza Sharifi; Alireza Babai Mazreno; Firuze Jalili; Ibrahim Salmani; Esmat Babai Mazraeno

Volume 2, Issue 4.1 , October 2014, , Pages 239-243

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.3162

Abstract

Introduction: ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin solved in water that acts as a helper of some the enzymes in the reactions of energy metabolism. Thus, the study aims to investigate ... Read More

A Survey of Special Training Round on Performance of Pediatric Residents

Ali Emadzadeh; Behrooz Davachi; Seyed Amirhosein Ghazizadeh Hashemi; Seyed Ali Jafari; Hamid Ahanchian; Masumeh Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 4.3 , December 2014, , Pages 363-367

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.3576

Abstract

Introduction: Clinical settings and teaching methods play a key role in students' learning. So, the present study aimed to investigates the effect of holding special training ... Read More

Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality in Iranian Children: A Longitudinal Econometrics Analysis

Satar Rezaei; Behzad Karami Matin; Enayatollah Homaie Rad

Volume 3, Issue 1.1 , January 2015, , Pages 375-380

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.3760

Abstract

MethodsUsing time series data of national level (1967 to 2012 years), we explored the association between total fertility rate, GDP per capita, number of physician per 1000 populations, ... Read More

Pediatric and Adolescent Chest Pain: A Cross Sectional Study

Mohammad reza Khalilian; Abdolrahman Emami moghadam; Mehdi Torabizadeh; Foroogh Khalilinejad; Sedigheh Moftakhar

Volume 3, Issue 1.2 , February 2015, , Pages 435-440

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.3911

Abstract

Introduction: Chest pain is a common compliant in children and adolescents visiting the clinic. We assess and analyze the etiology of chest pain among children referred a pediatric ... Read More

Silent Tachypnoea in a Neonate: A Rare Presentation of Right Side Bochdalek Hernia with Intrathoracic Kidney

Shilpa Kalane; Umesh Vaidya; Suryawanshi Pradeep; Shashank Shrotriya

Volume 3, Issue 2.2 , April 2015, , Pages 489-492

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4166

Abstract

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare condition. The reported incidence of intrathoracic renal ectopia due to CDH is also rare. A right-sided thoracic kidney is much less ... Read More

Financial Management in Children: Today Need, Tomorrow Necessity

Tooraj Sadeghi; Mohammad Ali Kiani; Fatemeh Saeidi; Mahmoud Saeidi; Gholam Hasan Khodaei

Volume 3, Issue 3.1 , May 2015, , Pages 585-592

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4262

Abstract

Nearly 80% of young people today will never be able to retire. Why? Because they lack the personal finance training that leads to long-term planning and future security. Connecting ... Read More

Stem Cell Therapy in Pediatric Neurological Disorders

Farnaz Torabian; Arvin Aghayi Nejad; Arash Akhavan Rezayat; Mehran Beiraghi Toosi; Hamid Reza Rahimi; Ali Reza Ataei Nakhaie

Volume 3, Issue 3.2 , June 2015, , Pages 665-673

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4426

Abstract

Pediatric neurological disorders including muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury are defined as a heterogenous group of diseases, of which some are known to be ... Read More

Methadone Poisoning in Children and some Factors affecting it: A Cross-sectional Study in Tabriz, Northwest of Iran

Fatemeh Ghorbani; Nasrin Salimkhani; Sina Pakdel; Mahni Rahkar farshi

Volume 3, Issue 4.1 , July 2015, , Pages 725-731

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4456

Abstract

Introduction: Children may be intentionally or unintentionally exposed to any substance. Substance poisoning is one of the most important emergency interventions in children that cause ... Read More

Volume 12 (2024)

Volume 11 (2023)

Volume 10 (2022)

Volume 9 (2021)

Volume 8 (2020)

Volume 7 (2019)

Volume 6 (2018)

Volume 5 (2017)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2014)

Volume 1 (2013)

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