International Journal of Pediatrics

Validity of Three Formulas for Measuring Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth in Children under Mechanical Ventilation

Narges Keshvarparast; Nemat Bilan; Farinaz Amirikar

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2023, , Pages 17463-17469

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.66353.4989

Abstract

Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. ... Read More Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. The above complications may be difficult for a patient with severe disease to tolerate; especially when inappropriate placement is not detected by the specialist in the initial evaluation and the diagnosis lasts until the confirmatory chest x-ray is performed. This study evaluated the validity of three formulas in measuring the depth of endotracheal intubation in children under mechanical ventilation.Methods: 60 intubated children aged 2 months to 12 years were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into three study groups. Endotracheal tube length for each patient was calculated on the basis of the endotracheal tube length formulas (12 + age (years) / 2; endotracheal tube diameter * 3; and 5 + height (cm) / 10). The ideal depth of the endotracheal tube based on chest x-ray was measured as the median distance between the first thoracic vertebra (T1) and the carina in cm. The distance between the ideal depth of the endotracheal tube and the end location of the endotracheal tube was also measured and recorded.Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.90 months and 58.3% of them were boys. The most common indication for intubation was pneumonia, along with respiratory distress (33.3%). Considering the difference in endotracheal tube depth between the two values calculated using the formula and chest X-ray equal to± 0.5 cm, formula 12 + (2 / age) in 55% of patients, formula 3 * endotracheal tube length in 70% patients and formula 5 + (10 / height) in 85% of patients, were correctly estimated endotracheal tube length. On the other hand, it was observed that in 15%, 45% and 40% of the patients, the formula predicted the correct length of the endotracheal tube for correct intubation without any difference while compared to the chest X-ray. In evaluating the results obtained from the formula and length of the endotracheal tube measured by chest X-ray, it was also observed that the formulas 12 + (2 / age), 3 * length of the endotracheal tube and 5 + (10 / height) were significantly correlated with CXR.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the formulas used to estimate the depth of endotracheal tube placement in children have low accuracies compared to the gold standard of measurement (chest X-ray). Of course, in comparison to the three formulas (height, weight and diameter of the ETT), the height formula was more accurate than others.

Oxygenation and Ventilation Indices in Relation to the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in 2-Month to 14-Year-Old Children Admitted to PICU

Zahra Pourramazan; Nemat Bilan; Farinaz Amirikar

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2023, , Pages 17487-17494

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.66498.4991

Abstract

Background: Respiratory diseases are the most common cause of death in the pediatric population and acute or progressive respiratory failure, which requires mechanical ventilation, ... Read More Background: Respiratory diseases are the most common cause of death in the pediatric population and acute or progressive respiratory failure, which requires mechanical ventilation, is the most common cause of children’s hospitalization in the intensive care unit. Despite advances in recent decades regarding the treatment of acute respiratory diseases in children and innovative settings in mechanical ventilation, there are no clear and comprehensive guidelines for the use of mechanical ventilation in children.Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the correlation between oxygenation and ventilation indices in predicting the duration of mechanical ventilation in children aged two months to 14 years old admitted to PICU.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 56 patients were included. The required information was extracted from the patients' clinical records and entered into the prepared questionnaires. They included age, sex, and diagnosis, duration of intubation, extubation time, mechanical ventilation parameters, and blood gas parameters. Patients' blood and ventilation data were collected and calculated from the first day of mechanical ventilation until 7 days later to calculate Oxygenation (OI) and Ventilation (VI) indices.Results: Pneumonia, the most common cause of hospitalization in the intensive care unit and the need for intubation, was present in our population (82%) due to aspiration and Covid-19 disease. There was a significant relationship between higher levels of FiO2 and longer duration of patients' intubation (P <0.001). The amount of PIP in each of the first days of intubation was significantly correlated with the duration of the study. A significant direct relationship was found between the ventilation index and oxygenation index. (P <0.05) Except for the sixth day, oxygenation index and duration of intubation were significantly correlated. (P <0.05) This means that along with the increase in oxygenation index, the duration of intubation was also increased. Ventilation index and duration of intubation were also significantly correlated, except on the fourth and fifth days (P <0.05). None of the extubated patients required re-intubation. Eventually, a very weak statistical correlation was found between the intubation period and the final result in the form of discharge and recovery of the patient or his death.Conclusion: Using variables such as gender, PIP and oxygenation, and ventilation indices, in the early days of mechanical ventilation, the prognosis of these patients and better management of their treatment can be judged. It is, finally, emphasized that further studies on larger populations, with more variables and long-term follow-ups are required.

Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising within Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation; a Case Report

Farinaz Amirikar; Nemat Bilan; Azim Rezamand; Masoud Jamshidi; Zahra Golchinfar

Volume 10, Issue 6 , June 2022, , Pages 16233-16237

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.64392.4889

Abstract

This case report describes a 30-month-old child with primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma with a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). In the current literature, primary ... Read More

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Author = Farinaz Amirikar

Validity of Three Formulas for Measuring Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth in Children under Mechanical Ventilation

Abstract

Oxygenation and Ventilation Indices in Relation to the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in 2-Month to 14-Year-Old Children Admitted to PICU

Abstract

Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising within Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation; a Case Report

Abstract