International Journal of Pediatrics

An Investigation of Basic Needs and Related Factors in Parents of Children with Down syndrome

Mohsen Mohammadi; Parichehr Shahroudi; Yasaman Yaghobi; Parinaz Shahroudi; Saman Maroufizadeh; Zahra Golamalipour

Volume 11, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Pages 18018-18026

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.73176.5303

Abstract

Background: Down syndrome is one of the most common causes of intellectual disabilities in children. The birth of a baby requires a positive adaptation of the family to new changes, ... Read More Background: Down syndrome is one of the most common causes of intellectual disabilities in children. The birth of a baby requires a positive adaptation of the family to new changes, especially when the child has a disability such as Down syndrome. When a child with Down syndrome is born, parents experience many conflicting emotions and feel inadequate. Therefore, it is important to examine the needs of these parents with issues related to living with a child with Down syndrome, as well as the factors that affect the needs. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical research conducted cross-sectionally on 172 parents of families with children aged 1-19 with Down syndrome who were covered by the welfare organization of Guilan province. Simple random sampling method without placement was used in sampling for this research. The data collection tools were Glaser's Basic Needs Questionnaire to measure needs and a researcher-made questionnaire of related factors. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, Friedman, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient tests in IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Results: The findings of this research showed that there was a weak significant negative relationship between the need for survival and the need for freedom (P=0.001 and r=0.245). There was no significant correlation between the scores of the need for recreation and the need for strength (P=0.534 and r=0.048). There was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the parents of children with Down syndrome in Glasser's basic needs scale (P<0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the scores of the need for power according to the educational level of the parents (P=0.007), and a statistically significant difference was also observed between the scores of the need for power according to the level of the parents' income (P=0.011). Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the performance of families who face fewer needs and receive higher levels of social support is better than those of the families who face multiple needs and receive limited social support.

Prevalence of Flatfoot in Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hosein Karimiyarandi; Majid Khalilizad

Volume 11, Issue 6 , June 2023, , Pages 17924-17934

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.72040.5259

Abstract

Background: Flatfoot (FF) is one of the most common deformities in children, which is divided into two flexible or rigid types. Given the prevalence of FF and the importance of orthopedic ... Read More

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Febrile Convulsion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Elham Bastani; Mahsa Rizehbandi; Fariba Shokri; Aryoobarzan Rahmatian

Volume 11, Issue 6 , June 2023, , Pages 17971-17978

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.71925.5253

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are classified as upper or lower and can be asymptomatic or manifest fever, abdominal pain, sepsis, hematuria, and typical renal colic. Therefore, ... Read More

Clinical Course of Henoch–Schönlein Purpura in South East of Iran

Simin Sadeghi-Bojd; Alireza Teimouri; Vahid Sheikhi; Khadijeh Rashiodi Mehr

Volume 11, Issue 5 , May 2023, , Pages 17729-17738

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.71263.5229

Abstract

Background: The most prevalent form of systemic vasculitis in children is Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (HSP), also known as IgA vasculitis, with different manifestations. This ... Read More

Prevalence of Epilepsy among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Behzad Darabi; Mehdi Shokri; Aryoobarzan Rahmatian

Volume 11, Issue 5 , May 2023, , Pages 17807-17817

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.71575.5237

Abstract

Background: Epilepsy is known as a periodic and severe disturbance in the nervous system, resulting from abnormal discharge of brain cells. Epilepsy is characterized by unexplained ... Read More

Prevalence of Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Behzad Darabi; Mahsa Rizehbandi; Mehdi Shokri; Fariba Shokri; Elham Bastani

Volume 11, Issue 4 , April 2023, , Pages 17673-17684

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.71235.5226

Abstract

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the skin diseases, which is characterized as a chronic inflammation of the skin with itchy red rashes. This systematic review study was ... Read More

Validity of Three Formulas for Measuring Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth in Children under Mechanical Ventilation

Narges Keshvarparast; Nemat Bilan; Farinaz Amirikar

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2023, , Pages 17463-17469

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2023.66353.4989

Abstract

Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. ... Read More Background: In the process of intubation, inappropriate placement of the endotracheal tube can lead to hypoxemia, aspiration, insufficient ventilation, atelectasis, barotrauma and pneumothorax. The above complications may be difficult for a patient with severe disease to tolerate; especially when inappropriate placement is not detected by the specialist in the initial evaluation and the diagnosis lasts until the confirmatory chest x-ray is performed. This study evaluated the validity of three formulas in measuring the depth of endotracheal intubation in children under mechanical ventilation.Methods: 60 intubated children aged 2 months to 12 years were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into three study groups. Endotracheal tube length for each patient was calculated on the basis of the endotracheal tube length formulas (12 + age (years) / 2; endotracheal tube diameter * 3; and 5 + height (cm) / 10). The ideal depth of the endotracheal tube based on chest x-ray was measured as the median distance between the first thoracic vertebra (T1) and the carina in cm. The distance between the ideal depth of the endotracheal tube and the end location of the endotracheal tube was also measured and recorded.Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.90 months and 58.3% of them were boys. The most common indication for intubation was pneumonia, along with respiratory distress (33.3%). Considering the difference in endotracheal tube depth between the two values calculated using the formula and chest X-ray equal to± 0.5 cm, formula 12 + (2 / age) in 55% of patients, formula 3 * endotracheal tube length in 70% patients and formula 5 + (10 / height) in 85% of patients, were correctly estimated endotracheal tube length. On the other hand, it was observed that in 15%, 45% and 40% of the patients, the formula predicted the correct length of the endotracheal tube for correct intubation without any difference while compared to the chest X-ray. In evaluating the results obtained from the formula and length of the endotracheal tube measured by chest X-ray, it was also observed that the formulas 12 + (2 / age), 3 * length of the endotracheal tube and 5 + (10 / height) were significantly correlated with CXR.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the formulas used to estimate the depth of endotracheal tube placement in children have low accuracies compared to the gold standard of measurement (chest X-ray). Of course, in comparison to the three formulas (height, weight and diameter of the ETT), the height formula was more accurate than others.

Epiglottitis Caused by COVID-19 Infection in a Four-Year-Old Boy

Mehran Karimi; Abdolhamid Jafari nodoushan; Seyed Javad Sayedi; Ali Shahzeidi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 17438-17442

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2021.59266.4618

Abstract

Background: Epiglottitis is an inflammatory disease involving the epiglottis, vallecula, arytenoid cartilage, and aryepiglottic wrinkles. Acute epiglottitis is relatively rare, but ... Read More Background: Epiglottitis is an inflammatory disease involving the epiglottis, vallecula, arytenoid cartilage, and aryepiglottic wrinkles. Acute epiglottitis is relatively rare, but it can quickly lead to a life-threatening airway obstruction. Diagnosis of epiglottitis is clinical, but radiography and direct vision of the epiglottis can also help with the diagnosis. Clinical manifestations of epiglottitis include fever, sore throat, and in the event of imminent airway obstruction, symptoms of muffled sound, falls, tripod position, and stridor might be presented as well. Epiglottitis can be caused by some bacterial agents or viruses such as adenovirus and measles. COVID-19 was first detected in December 2019 in a group of patients with severe respiratory symptoms in Hubei Province, China. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and loss of smell and taste. Although COVID-19 disease has a variety of manifestations, only one case of epiglottitis following COVID-19 disease has been reported in adults. However, no cases of epiglottitis have been reported in children with COVID-19. Case presentation: The patient, a 4-year-old boy, came to our center and the patient's family complained about shortness of breath and progressive lethargy of the child from 10 days ago. Since last week, he had been sleeping in a sitting position due to the aggravation of shortness of breath. On physical examination, respiratory distress, tachypnea, subcostal retraction, tail stridor, and crackle was heard in both lungs. Diagnosed with suspected bronchoscopy epiglottitis; and a large, swollen, and cherry-red epiglottis was observed. Based on the patient's history of respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of COVID-19, a reverse pharyngeal polymerase (RT-PCR) transcript test was requested for COVID-19 and the COVID-19 infection was positive. The patient was intubated due to decreased oxygen scorching and was treated with antibiotics due to the diagnosis of epiglottitis and recovered. Conclusion: In this article, we reported the case of a 4-year-old child with epiglottitis in the context of COVID19. To the best of our knowledge, no case of epiglottitis had been, previously, reported in children with COVID19. Therefore, in our opinion, epiglottitis can probably be one of the manifestations of COVID19 in children.

Assessment of the Initial Clinical Presentations of Patients with Celiac Disease

Seyed Ali Jafari; Atefeh Aatarian; Hamidreza Kianifar; Mohammadali Kiani; Maryam Khalesi; Forough Rakhshanizadeh

Volume 10, Issue 12 , December 2022, , Pages 17127-17134

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.69054.5114

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of celiac disease, which is gastrointestinal enteropathy, is increasing. This study aimed to assess the clinical presentations of celiac disease in children. Methods: ... Read More

The Relationship between Development Indices and Children’s Growth Among Under 12-Month-Old Children in Markazi Province, Iran

Javad Nazari; Hamid Dalvand; Reyhane Mikaeliyan; Mobin Naghshbandi; Yeganeh Karimi; Payam Amini; Amir Almasi-Hashiani

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2022, , Pages 16941-16950

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.66038.4970

Abstract

Background: The factors affecting children’s growth and development have been discussed in various research studies. This study evaluates the association between growth and development ... Read More

Cut off Value for Parathormone Level in Children with Vitamin D Deficiency

Sara Badipour; Morteza Alijanpour Aghamaleki; shima Soleimani Amiri; Maryam Nikpour; Mahmud hajiahmadi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2022, , Pages 16960-16968

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.66922.5012

Abstract

Background: When serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) D] decreases, intact Parathormone (iPTH) level increases compensatory. This study aimed to determine the cut off value for ... Read More

Effects of Physical Activity on Psychosocial Distress among Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Mediating Role of Resilience

Zahra Chaharbaghi; Elay Janamoo Berenj Abadi; Jamshid Ramzani; Esmail Dangesareki

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2022, , Pages 16984-16991

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.65119.4919

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity level on psychosocial distress among children during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the mediating ... Read More

The Impact of Parental Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity on Motor Competence of Children with ADHD

Malihe Naeimikia; Maryam Abdoshahi; Amin Gholami

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16766-16773

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.66193.4980

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have shown that parental socioeconomic status directly affects the participation of children in physical activities and consequently the improvement in ... Read More Background: Previous studies have shown that parental socioeconomic status directly affects the participation of children in physical activities and consequently the improvement in their motor competencies. Nevertheless, this issue has been less studied in children with ADHD. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the associations between parental socioeconomic status and motor competence considering physical activity as a mediator. Methods: The present study followed a descriptive-correlational approach using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the study included 86 male students diagnosed with ADHD (mean age of 8.36±1.07) who attended in a special school in Tehran. Short-Form Bruininks-Oseretsky Battery, Parental Socioeconomic Status Scale, and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children were used for data collection. Pearson correlation test and structural equation modelling were used for investigating the relationships between the research variables. Results: The mean BMI of the participants was 16.9±1.84, placing the BMI-for-age at the 70-percentile indicating that they have healthy weights. Children in this study were in the lower-average level of motor competence (e.g., balance, upper limb coordination, and strength), their parents were mostly at medium level of socioeconomic status, and the physical activity level of the children was lower than average (M=2.23). In addition, parental socioeconomic status positively affected motor competence (T=6.862) and physical activity (T=5.151), and physical activity positively impacted motor competence (T=5.593). Conclusion: Low amounts of physical activity in our sample make it necessary to find out appropriate factors and strategies to enhance it in children with ADHD. According to our findings, education and income of parents along with the children’s participation in physical activity may be critical concerns for their health.

The Effects of Melatonin Treatment on Chronic Insomnia in 1–3-Year-Old Children Undergoing Behavior Therapy

Shabnam Jalilolghadr; Khatereh Khamenehpour

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16774-16785

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.65835.4963

Abstract

Background: Melatonin is effective as a treatment option for sleep disorders in children. Parents can develop positive sleep habits in children through behavior therapy. This study ... Read More

The Association between Serum Lactate Level and Hospital Outcome in Children with Multi-Trauma

Amir Hossein Jafari-Rouhi; Pari Gasemzadeh; Asghar Jafari-Rouhi; Maryam Khamene; Leila Vahedi

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16794-16802

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2021.54913.4331

Abstract

Background: Trauma is an important cause of disability and death in young people. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum lactate level and in-hospital mortality ... Read More

Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Pathogen Escherichia Coli in Children with Urinary Tract Infection

Sapideh Bagheri; Alireza Ghodsi; AbdolKarim Hamedi

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16811-16816

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.66983.5014

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a serious condition that should be treated promptly and properly to prevent further complications. The most common causative ... Read More

Effects of the Social Climate of the Physical Education Class on Children’s Participation in Physical Activities: The Mediating Role of Relatedness

Sara Bagheri; Elay Janamoo Berenj Abadi; Maryam Mirshekari; Maria Jafari

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16837-16843

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.65277.4924

Abstract

Background: Positive social climate can influence academic performance, satisfactory cognitive and emotional results, and higher sport commitment. However, the social climate within ... Read More

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Tranquillisation Tales on Children's Psychological Well-Being and Aggression

Elham Fallahmanesh

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2022, , Pages 16869-16879

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2021.55568.4374

Abstract

Background: Story therapy can be used as an effective method in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of tranquillisation ... Read More

Design and Validation of a Physical Education Curriculum Model for Elementary School Children Based on the Fundamental Transformation Document

Shoja Abedi; Hossein Baghaei; Mir Hamid Salehian

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2022, , Pages 16683-16698

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.65561.4939

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study is to provide a model of physical education curriculum for primary school children based on the biophysical field of the document of fundamental ... Read More

The Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Children Suffering Chronic Constipation: A Study in the Western Region of Iran

Karamali Kasiri; Hassan Talakesh

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2022, , Pages 16705-16711

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.65699.4952

Abstract

Background: Although celiac disease is considered one of the preconditions and predisposing factors for chronic constipation in children, accurate statistics on the prevalence of the ... Read More

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Diabetic Nephropathy in Children and Adolescents

Afshin Ghalehgolab Behbahan; Arezou Hasanzadeh; Siamak Shiva; Zahra Golchinfar

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2022, , Pages 16449-16459

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.64258.4880

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common childhood metabolic disease whose prevalence has been increasing worldwide in recent decades. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most ... Read More Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common childhood metabolic disease whose prevalence has been increasing worldwide in recent decades. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important chronic complications of both types of diabetes (type one and two), which seriously increases the morbidity and mortality of diabetes. The present study evaluated the epidemiology and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in children with diabetes in the northwestern region of Iran. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 80 diabetic children, 33 (41.3%) males and 47 (58.7%) females with a mean age of 16.69± 4.50 years at the time of assessment, have been identified, evaluated, and followed up in the endocrinology clinic of Tabriz Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2015. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of micro- or overt albuminuria, and different variables were compared between the two groups to determine risk factors. Results: The mean age at the diagnosis was 7.75 ± 3.69 and the mean duration of diabetes was 8.98± 4.07 years. Good glycemic control was presented in 19 (23.8%), microalbuminuria in 36 (45%), overt albuminuria in 1 (1.3%), and retinopathy in 5 (6.3%) of patients; 7 (8.8%) had hypertension. Chronic kidney disease was found to be stage I in 90% and stage II in 10% of the patients. There was a significant difference between cases with and without albuminuria in terms of age at the time of the study (p=0.003), duration of diabetes (p=0.02), and serum cholesterol level (p=0.04). Linear Regression test showed that «the age at diagnosis» has a significant ability to predict the incidence of albuminuria (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Due to the significant frequency of poor glycemic control in children and adolescents and the high prevalence of albuminuria in them, it is recommended to evaluate the renal function in diabetic children, especially in older patients, those with longer duration of diabetes or poor glycemic control.

Effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Iran

Zeynab Azhdari; Marjan Alizadeh; Rezvan Homaei

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2022, , Pages 16477-16485

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.64370.4885

Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important behavioral disorder that causes considerable individual and social difficulties, creating significant emotional ... Read More

The Effects of Parental Socioeconomic Status on Children’ Physical Activity: Mediating Role of Motivation

Shaghayegh Hashemi Motlagh; Tayebeh BaniAsadi; Zahra Chaharbaghi; Lida Moradi

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2022, , Pages 16538-16544

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.63421.4834

Abstract

Background: An important determinant of health and wellbeing is socioeconomic status as it can influence an individual’s exposure to several risk factors across the lifespan. ... Read More Background: An important determinant of health and wellbeing is socioeconomic status as it can influence an individual’s exposure to several risk factors across the lifespan. Previous studies, using the self-report scales, have demonstrated that parental socioeconomic status is associated with physical activity in children. However, due to limitations of self-reporting methods, we aimed to assess the association between the parental socioeconomic statuses with accelerometer-measured physical activity among children. Motivation was included as a mediator.Method: 126 participants (45 girls, mean age of 10.92±1.89 years) wore the accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Parental socioeconomic status was measured by two items, namely, the parents’ education level and household income. The Intrinsic Motivation Scale was applied to measure motivation. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze data.Results: 74% of our sample was at medium level of parental socioeconomic status. Accelerometer data demonstrated that children spent 74.29% of the total time in sedentary behaviors, 17.20% in light physical activity, and 8.81% in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA). On average, the daily time spent in MVPA was 45.19 minutes, which is below the WHO guideline. In fact, 27.7% (n=35) of children fulfilled the guideline. The results showed that parental socioeconomic status had significant effects on motivation (T=4.129) and MVPA (T=5.097). Moreover, motivation had a significant effect on MVPA (T=2.679). Finally, motivation significantly mediated the association between socioeconomic status and MVPA (P<0.001).Conclusion: As demonstrated in the findings, the socioeconomic statuses of parents and physical activity have become critical concerns about children. Accordingly, in order to increase the level of MVPA among children, large scale programs should be developed by the stakeholders to increase the parents’ socioeconomic status level.

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral and Psychodrama on Executive Functions of Children Aged 7 to 12 Years

Sakine Karimi; Mahboubeh Chin Aveh; Samad Fereydoni

Volume 10, Issue 7 , July 2022, , Pages 16266-16280

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2021.57071.4474

Abstract

Background: A review of research in the field of children shows that with the expansion and deepening of studies on children, in addition to physical development, their emotional-behavioral ... Read More Background: A review of research in the field of children shows that with the expansion and deepening of studies on children, in addition to physical development, their emotional-behavioral development has also received more attention. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and Psychodrama on executive functions of children aged 7 to 12 years.Methods: The research is pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study with control group and follow-up. It was conducted in the second half of 1398 in Avae Mehr Counseling Center in Pasargad (Fars Province, Iran) Available sampling was administered, based on which 24 children registered at the Avae Mehr Pasargad Counseling Center with the diagnosis of externalized disorder and met the necessary criteria participated in the study. The participants were divided into two experimental groups and one control group (8 individuals each). Cognitive-behavioral and Psychodrama therapies were performed for the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any special intervention. Cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol was performed in 1-hour sessions during 11 consecutive weeks, once a week; and Psychodrama treatment in 1-hour sessions during 12 consecutive weeks, once a week. The research instruments included of executive functions saftware (Stroop word color test, and working memory reinforcement test); and the collected data were analyzed using frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance in SPSS-25 software.Results: The results of analysis of covariance by modulating the effect of pre-test in post-test showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in all variables except reaction time in Stroop test. This means that the groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychotherapy had a significant effect on executive function. The results in the follow-up phase also showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in all variables except the trial time and the number of errors (in the London Tower test), the incorrect number and the reaction time (in the Stroop test). However, there was no significant difference between the cognitive-behavioral and Psychodrama groups on the variable of executive function, meaning that the two therapies did not have different effects on executive function.Conclusion: Both of the cognitive-behavioral and Psychodrama treatments have been significantly effective in the improvement of the participants’ executive functioning. This means that the groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychotherapy had a significant effect on executive function. But the effectiveness of these two treatments does not show a significant difference with each other.

The Diagnostic Value of Different Sonography Findings and Color Doppler Sonography in Detecting Biliary Atresia in Infants and Neonates

Mohammad Ali Kiani; Seyed Ali Jafari; Homa Jajarmi Khayyat; Seyed Ali Alamdaran; Masood Mahdavi Rashed; Maryam Khalesi; Elham Bakhtiari

Volume 10, Issue 7 , July 2022, , Pages 16281-16290

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2022.59436.4635

Abstract

Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is one of the most common etiologies of cholestasis in infants and toddlers. The most important factor in case of patients’ prognosis is its early ... Read More

Volume 11 (2023)

Volume 10 (2022)

Volume 9 (2021)

Volume 8 (2020)

Volume 7 (2019)

Volume 6 (2018)

Volume 5 (2017)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2014)

Volume 1 (2013)

Keywords = Children

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